Warm up HW Assessment You may use your notes/ class work / homework

5.5 Numerical Integration Mt. Shasta, California

What you’ll learn about Trapezoidal Approximations Other Algorithms Error Analysis … and why Some definite integrals are best found by numerical approximations, and rectangles are not always the most efficient figures to use.

Using integrals to find area works extremely well as long as we can find the antiderivative of the function. Sometimes, the function is too complicated to find the antiderivative. At other times, we don’t even have a function, but only measurements taken from real life. What we need is an efficient method to estimate area when we can not find the antiderivative.

Actual area under curve:

Left-hand rectangular approximation: Approximate area: (too low)

Approximate area: Right-hand rectangular approximation: (too high)

Averaging the two: 1.25% error (too high)

Averaging right and left rectangles gives us trapezoids:

(still too high)

Trapezoidal Rule: ( h = width of subinterval ) This gives us a better approximation than either left or right rectangles.

x1467 f(x)

Compare this with the Midpoint Rule: Approximate area: (too low)0.625% error The midpoint rule gives a closer approximation than the trapezoidal rule, but in the opposite direction.

Midpoint Rule: (too low)0.625% error Trapezoidal Rule: 1.25% error (too high) Notice that the trapezoidal rule gives us an answer that has twice as much error as the midpoint rule, but in the opposite direction. If we use a weighted average: This is the exact answer! Oooh! Ahhh! Wow!

This weighted approximation gives us a closer approximation than the midpoint or trapezoidal rules. Midpoint: Trapezoidal: twice midpointtrapezoidal

Simpson’s Rule: ( h = width of subinterval, n must be even ) Example:

Simpson’s rule can also be interpreted as fitting parabolas to sections of the curve, which is why this example came out exactly. Simpson’s rule will usually give a very good approximation with relatively few subintervals. It is especially useful when we have no equation and the data points are determined experimentally. 

Slide A diesel generator runs continuously, consuming oil at a gradually increasing rate until it must be temporarily shut down to have the filters replaced. (a)Give an upper estimate and a lower estimate for the amount of oil consumed by the generator during that week. (b)Use the Trapezoidal Rule to estimate the amount of oil consumed by the generator during that week.