1 Digital to Analog Encoding

2

3 Digital modulation techniques Amplitude Shift Keying Amplitude Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

4 Amplitude Shift Keying ASK ASK –The strength of carrier signal varies (the amplitude changes) –The frequency and phase remain constant –The speed of transmission is limited by the physical characteristics of the transmission media –Susceptible to noise interference (noise = unintentional voltages introduced onto a line by other sources, heat, etc.) (noise = unintentional voltages introduced onto a line by other sources, heat, etc.)

5 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

6 Bandwidth for ASK Carrier frequency

7 Frequency Shift Keying The frequency of the carrier varies The frequency of the carrier varies Amplitude and phase remain constant Amplitude and phase remain constant

8 FSK

9 FSK FSK spectrum is the combination of 2 ASK spectra centered around f c0 and f c1 FSK spectrum is the combination of 2 ASK spectra centered around f c0 and f c1 Bandwidth = the baud rate + the frequency shift ( OR the difference between the two carrier frequencies)

10 Bandwidth for FSK Bandwidth = the baud rate + the frequency shift ( OR the difference between the two carrier frequencies)

11 Phase Shift Keying The phase of the carrier varied The phase of the carrier varied The amplitude and frequency remain constant The amplitude and frequency remain constant

12 PSK Constellation OR phase-state diagram

13 PSK Example : if a phase 0 degree represents binary 0 change the phase to 180 degree  binary 1

14 4-PSK or QPSK It is not susceptible to noise degradation It is not susceptible to noise degradation Smaller variations in the signal can be detected reliably by the receiver Smaller variations in the signal can be detected reliably by the receiver Thus, instead of utilizing only two variations of signal (each represent one bit), four variations can be used Thus, instead of utilizing only two variations of signal (each represent one bit), four variations can be used –Each phase shift represents two bits A phase of 0  00 A phase of 0  00 A phase of 90 degrees  01 A phase of 90 degrees  01 A phase of 180 degrees  10 A phase of 180 degrees  10 A phase of 270 degree  11 A phase of 270 degree  11

15 4-PSK

16 4-PSK Characteristics

17 8-PSK Characteristics The previous idea is extended to 8-PSK

18 PSK Bandwidth Minimum BW required is the same as ASK

19 4-QAM and 8-QAM Constellations

20 8-QAM Signal

21 Aspects of Digital-to- Analog Conversion Basic Issues Basic Issues –Bit rate –Baud rate –Carrier Signal

22 Bit Rate and Baud Rate Bit rate = number of bits transmitted during one second Bit rate = number of bits transmitted during one second Baud rate = number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits Baud rate = number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits –Determines the bandwidth required to send the signal –It is less than or equal to the bit rate (In transportation : (In transportation : –A baud is analogous to a car –A bit is analogous to a passenger

23 Carrier Signal In analog transmission In analog transmission –The sending device produces a high-frequency signal that acts as a basis for the information signal –It is called carrier signal or carrier frequency –The receiving device is tuned to the frequency of the carrier signal that it expects from the sender –Digital information is modulated on the carrier signal by modifying (amplitude, frequency, phase)  shift keying

24 Bit Rate and Baud Rate

25 Bit Rate and Baud Rate