Operations Management Unit 12: Designing Effective Supply Chains 授課教師： 國立臺灣大學工商管理學系 余峻瑜 教授 本課程指定教材為 Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., Lee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Pearson Education, ©2013 本講義僅引用部分內容，請讀者自行準備。 1 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣 3.0 版

Supply Chain 2  An interrelated series of processes within and across firms that produces a service or product to the satisfaction of customers Supply Chain Management (SCM)  The synchronization of a firm’s processes with those of its suppliers and customers to match the flow of materials, services, and information with customer demand  A key part of SCM is supply chain design

Supply Chain Design 3 p.381

Creating an Effective Supply Chain 4 p.380 Figure 10.1

Supply Chain Efficiency Curve 5 p.381 Figure 10.2

Supply Chain Design Pressures 6 Dynamic sales volumes  Result in: excess inventories, underutilized staff, more expensive delivery options…  Caused by: external vs. Internal sources Customer service levels  Involves marketing, sales, finance people Service/product proliferation  New products / services vs. costs

Supply Chains for Services 7 Every firm or organization is a member of some supply chain Services  Provide support for the essential elements of various services the firm delivers  Example: Flowers-on-Demand 27 retail stores in greater Boston metropolitan Global fresh flowers

Service Supply Chain 8 p.383 Figure 10.3

Supply Chains for Manufacturing 9 Manufacturing  Control inventory by managing the flow of materials  Suppliers identified by position in supply chain – “tiers”  Suppliers and customers

Manufacturing Supply Chain 10 p.383 Figure 10.4

Measures of Supply Chain Performance 11 Inventory measures  Average aggregate inventory value  Weeks of supply  Inventory turnover Financial measures

Inventory Measures 12 Average aggregate inventory value =+ Value of each unit of item B Number of units of item B typically on hand Value of each unit of item A Number of units of item A typically on hand Weeks of supply = Average aggregate inventory value Weekly sales (at cost) Inventory turnover = Annual sales (at cost) Average aggregate inventory value

EXAMPLE 10.1 Calculating Inventory Measures 13 p.384, 385

Financial Measures 14 Total revenue Cost of goods sold Operating expenses Cash flow Working capital Return on assets (ROA)

SCM Decisions Affecting ROA 15 p.386 Figure 10.6

Inventory Placement 16 Distribution centers (DCs) Centralized placement Inventory pooling Forward placement

Mass Customization 17 A strategy whereby a firm’s highly divergent processes generate a wide variety of customized services or products at reasonably low costs Competitive advantages Supply chain design for mass customization p.387, 388

Supply Chain Design for Assemble-to-Order Strategy 18 p.388 Figure 10.7

Outsourcing Processes 19 Make-or-buy decision Vertical integration  Backward integration  Forward integration Outsourcing  Offshoring

Outsourcing Decision Factors 20 Comparative Labor Costs Rework and Product Returns Logistics Costs Tariffs and Taxes Market Effects Labor Laws and Unions Internet

Outsourcing Potential Pitfalls 21 Pulling the Plug too Quickly Technology Transfer Process Integration

Example 10.2 Using Break-Even Analysis for the Outsourcing Decision 22 p.389, 390

Strategic Implications 23 Efficient supply chains  Build-to-stock Responsive supply chains  Assemble-to-order (ATO)  Make-to-order (MTO)  Design-to-order (DTO)

Strategic Implications – Environments 24 p.393 Table 10.1

Strategic Implications – Design Features 25 p.394 Table 10.2

Supply Chain Design Link to Processes 26 p.395 Figure 10.8

版權聲明 27 頁碼作品版權圖示來源 / 作者 2 臺灣大學 / 余峻瑜 教授 臺灣大學 / 余峻瑜 教授 12 Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P.384. 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。

版權聲明 28 頁碼作品版權圖示來源 / 作者 14 Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。 16 Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P.387. 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。 17 臺灣大學 / 余峻瑜 教授 17 Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P.387, 388. 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。 19 Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P.389, 390. 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。 20 Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P.390, 391. 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。

版權聲明 29 頁碼作品版權圖示來源 / 作者 21 Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P.391. 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。 23 Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P.392, 393. 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。 3-5, 8, 10, 13, 15, ,22, Pixabay/ Unknown 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2013/08/06 。 3-5, 8-10, 12-16, Supply Chain Design...Supply Chain Design Link to Processes( 各頁標 題 ) Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P 本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/05/22 。