Biological Chemistry FIRST YEAR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Lecture Seven Aldehydes & Ketones Convenor : Dr. Fawaz Aldabbagh
Aldehydes and Ketones O 1s 2, 2s 2 2p 2 2p 1 2p 1 3 sp 2 orbitals
Most Reactive Group – electrons + polarisation Useful in Synthesis Names al – aldehydes, one - ketones Methanal (formaldehyde) Ethanal (acetaldehyde) Propanal Pentanal
Benzaldehyde trans-Cinnamaldehyde Formalin, 35-40% formadehyde in water Preservative that reacts with proteins causing them to resist decay Coelacanth, “prehistoric fish”
Propanone (ACETONE) Butanone Acetophenone Benzophenone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone
Carbonyls readily undergo Nucleophilic Attack cis and trans isomers possible - H 2 O ANHYDROUS
The reaction is acid-catalysed Equilibrium Reactions Other Condensation Reactions
Acid-Catalysed Acetal Formation Reversed with acid and water Acetal is stable under basic conditions
Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide Nucleophilic addition reactions
Professor Victor Grignard (1912 Nobel Prize) Developed this chemistry with Professor P. A. Barbier
Examples 2. H 3 O +
-Hydrogens next to Carbonyl Groups are relatively acidic
Keto-Enol Tautomerism The negative charge is delocalised C=O bond stronger than C=C bond so equilibrium lies towards keto-tautomer Enol formation can be acid or base catalysed