What are the limitations of relative age dating? What do you think Absolute age dating is?
Absolute age dating determines the actual age of rocks, fossils, or other objects. Radioactive isotopes of igneous and metamorphic rocks (some fossils) have a known decay rate that scientists use to calculate the age of the rocks. Why is sedimentary rock not used?
Radioactive substances breakdown at a constant rate, changing the number of protons and neutrons. When the number of protons and neutrons is changed, a new element is made.
The original radioactive element is called the “parent” The new element is the “daughter” The change of radioactive elements (“parent”) into other elements (“daughter”) over time is called radioactive decay.
When radioactive elements begin to emit atomic particles, it will do so at the same rate no matter the environment it is in. › temperature, pressure, and other physical changes have NO effect. Radiometric dating is when scientists compare the amount of parent nuclei with daughter nuclei.
Half-life is the time it takes for half of the parent nuclei to turn into daughter nuclei. One half-life may take seconds, or billions of years.
A common isotope to use is Carbon-14. › C-14 decays into stable Nitrogen-14. Its half-life is 5730 years and is useful for rocks or bones YOUNGER than 700,000 yrs. If C-14 has a half-life of 5730 yrs. And a rock sample contains 1/8 th of its original amount of C-14. How old is the sample?
Alpha decay occurs when a radioactive isotope emits an alpha particle › Alpha particle = 2 protons and 2 neutrons How are the mass number and atomic number affected?
Beta decay involves electrons, and can have two forms: positive and negative. Negative Beta decay is when a neutron becomes a proton within the nucleus. › mass is unchanged and the atomic number is +1. Positive Beta decay is when a proton turns into a neutron within the nucleus. › mass is unchanged and the atomic number is -1.
Uranium 238 is often used in Alpha and Beta decay › eventually turns into Lead 206 › takes 4.5 Billion years
Gamma decay occurs because the nucleus is at too high an energy. The nucleus falls down to a lower energy state and, in the process, emits a high energy photon known as a gamma particle.