Global-mean energy balance. Spatial Radiation Imbalance Distribution of solar forcing as function of latitude.

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Presentation transcript:

Global-mean energy balance

Spatial Radiation Imbalance Distribution of solar forcing as function of latitude

100 W/m W/m 2 E IN (SW) E OUT (LW) Top-of-atmosphere radiation imbalance

Cause of the seasons

Cause of the seasons (better)

Seasonal cycle in net solar radiation

Seasonal cycle in terrestrial radiation (outgoing infrared)

Seasonal cycle in net radiation (solar minus terrestrial)

Seasonal cycle in temperature

Seasonal cycle in temperature – land responds quickly

Seasonal cycle in temperature – ocean responds slowly

Amplitude in seasonal cycle. (at least) three things going on here…

In detail: insolation as a function of latitude Hartmann, 1994 Why are December and June not symmetric?

In detail: what does Earth do with this insolation? albedo as a function of latitude Wells, 1997 what causes this pattern?

Albedo Absorbed insolation (1-  ) x incident insolation Emitted terrestrial radiation Net radiation balance (= absorbed rad n - emitted rad n ) In detail: energy balance as a function of latitude Peixoto and Oort, 1992

In detail: net radiation balance at top of atmosphere Poleward Heat flux More radiation is absorbed than emitted in the tropics more radiation is emitted than absorbed at high latitudes Implies an energy flux from the equator to the high latitudes

In detail: net heat flux from tropics: Average radiation imbalance ~ 50 Wm -2 Surface Area of tropics = 2  R e 2 sin (30 o ) Total heat flux from tropics = surface area x imbalance = 6.4 x W = 10,000 times global energy production. = 1 Baringer size impact craters every 11 mins!! 1 Baringer = 10 9 tonnes of TNT (1 tonne TNT = 4.2 x 10 9 J)

In detail: poleward heat transport Total OceanAtmosphere Trenberth and Caron, Petawatt = W Ocean transports more heat in low latitudes (& net transport of heat across the equator) Atmosphere transports more in middle and high latitudes

Aside: longwave (infrared) emissions to space as a function of surface temperature n.b. why not use  T 4 ? We’ve used Stefan Boltman law: longwave radiation =  T 4 Make our lives easier: longwave radiation = A + BT From data: