Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, B.C.E.  Established China’s first empire   Shi Huangdi ( B.C.E)  Legalist rule   Bureaucratic administration  Centralized control  Military expansion  Book burnings  targeted Confucianists  Buried protestors alive!  Built large section of the Great Wall

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen

Cavalry

Individual Soldiers

The Details of an Individual Soldier

Individual “Tombs”

The Great Wall with Towers

The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass

Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.  “People of the Han”  original Chinese  Paper invented [105 B.C.E.]   Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many  Buddhism introduced into China  Expanded into Central Asia

Han – Roman Empire Connection

Chang’ an The Han Capital

Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE) His jade suit has 2498 pieces!

Emperor Wudi, B.C.E.  Started public schools.  Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam.  Civil service system   bureaucrats  Confucian scholar-gentry  Revival of Chinese landscape painting.

Han Artifacts Imperial Seal Han Ceramic House

Ceramics, Later Han Period

Trade Routes of the Ancient World

Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk Road

Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression. Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia

Sui Dynasty, C.E.  “Land Equalization” System  land redistribution.  Unified coinage.  Grand Canal constructed.  Established an army of professional soldiers.  People were overworked and overtaxed!

The Grand Canal

The Grand Canal Today

Tang Dynasty, C.E.  Confucian imperial examination system perfected.  Initially Liberal attitude towards all religions.  Spread of Buddhism in China  Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries.  Japan, Korea, Persia

Mahayana Buddhism  Popular in China  Fostered belief in bodhisattvas- What are these?  This allowed for the adoption of local gods and customs (what is the name for this?)  Began translating Buddhist scripture to local languages and practices not based on written texts. Why?

Religion and Politics  As the influence of Buddhism grew, princes and nobles sought to align themselves with influential monasteries.  Buddhist leaders would then support princes or nobles in exchange for tax exemptions and land.  Have we seen other examples like this?

Tang Government Organization Tang Government becomes de- centralized. Gentry, local nobles and religious officials exercise local power.

Tributary System  Political relationship between Chinese Empire and smaller independent territories.  Smaller countries sent emissaries with money to Chang’an as a symbol of China’s political superiority.

Chang’an  Capital city of Tang Empire  “Cosmopolitan” Many cultures visited this city from all parts of Asia.  Center of a continent wide system of communication. Trade and exchange of ideas from Japan, Korea, India etc. What other cities are like this?

Tang Dynasty, C.E.  New technologies:  Printing  moveable print   Porcelain  Gunpowder  Mechanical clocks  More cosmopolitan culture.  Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.  Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. 

Empress Wu Zetian,  The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone.   Construction of new irrigation systems.  Buddhism was the favored state religion.  Financed the building of many Buddhist temples.  Tang elites had come to see Buddhism as contrary to Confucian values of filial piety. Elites claimed Buddhism led to a woman with political control.

Foot-Binding in Tang China  Broken toes by 3 years of age.   Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

Foot-Binding in Tang China Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.

Foot-Binding in Tang China  For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

The Results of Foot- Binding

Military Power In Tang Dynasty Turkic Influences- Horsemen using Iron Stirrups (again!)Turkic Influences- Horsemen using Iron Stirrups (again!) Combined with Chinese weapons like the crossbowCombined with Chinese weapons like the crossbow Resulted in powerful military.Resulted in powerful military.

Song [Sung] Dynasty, C.E.  Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.  Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.  Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power! 

Song Peasant Family

Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song

Song Rice Cultivation

Mongolian Steppes

Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

Mongol Invasions

Mongol Warriors

Mongol Archer

Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13c

Gold Saddle, Front View – Mongols, 13c

The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]  Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”]   from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia]

The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]  Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:  If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity.  If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children.  If you do not have children, we will take your wife.  If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.  Used cruelty as a weapon  some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

Mongol Nobleman, late 13c

Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14c

Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c

The Extent of the Mongol Empire

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, C.E.  Kublai Khan [r ]  Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”]  Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them.   No Chinese in top govt. posts.  Believed foreigner were more trustworthy.  Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo

Marco Polo ( )  A Venetian merchant.  Traveled through Yuan China:  “Black Stones” [coal]  Gunpowder.  Noodles.

Marco Polo’s Travels

Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics

Yuan Dynasty, C.E.  The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c.  Sent fleets against Japan.  1281  150,000 warriors  Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”]   Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

Qin!! BCE

Han!!! 206BCE-220CE

Sui!!!

T’ang!!!! CE

-Song!!!!!

Yuan!!!!

China’s last native imperial dynasty! Ming!!!

Ming Dynasty -By 1368 Ming Leaders have kicked out Mongol Rule - Create a strong centralized state based on Confucian principals: China is back! -What will they use to determine who participates in political bureaucracy?

Revived the Civil Service Exam

The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital -Chinese Imperial Palace In Beijing China. -Traditional Chinese Architecture buildings! 720,000 square meters soccer fields!

The Tribute System

Ming Silver Market   Spanish Silver Convoys   Triangle route:   Philippines to China to Japan.   Silver floods Chinese Market:   Causes devaluation of currency & recession   Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas.   Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe   Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe.   Helps fund conquest of New World    Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.

Ming Cultural Revolution   Printing & Literacy   Cheap, popular books:   woodblock printing.   cheap paper.   Examination system.   Leads to explosion in literacy.    Leads to further popularization of the commercial market.   Culture & Art   Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things:   Literature.   Painting.   Ceramics.   Opera.

Ming Dynasty, C.E.  Golden Age of Chinese Art  Moderation  Softness  Gracefulness  Three different schools of painting developed.  Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City.

Ming Scroll Painting “Travellers in Autumn Mountains”

Ming Painting – “Birds and Flowers”, 16c

Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c

Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar” -Have we seen other examples of states/institutions promoting the arts during this period? ( ) -Why would states support the arts?

State Sponsored Art  Monarchs, Emperors, Religious orders sponsored arts to assert legitimacy and supremacy

Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)   Ming “Treasure Fleet”   Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide

Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)   China’s “Columbus?” 

Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages   First Voyage: [62 ships; 27,800 men].   Second Voyage: [Ho didn’t go on this trip].   Third Voyage: [48 ships; 30,000 men].   Fourth Voyage: [63 ships; 28,500 men].   Fifth Voyage:   Sixth Voyage:   Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.   Seventh Voyage:   Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam   100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.

  > Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17c–18c -International market for porcelain created high demand. -Ming manufacturing techniques created an assembly line style of production. Vast amounts of porcelain came from Ming China -In Europe “China” became synonymous with porcelain.

Ming Vases, 18c

Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c

Decline of Ming  “Little Ice Age” in the seventeenth centruy, the world experienced a drop in temperature temperatures reached a low point Low temperatures created agricultural nightmare. Famine and disease resulted in population uprising against the government.

Fall of the Ming  Mongols gain power to the north. United by devotion to Dali Lama.  Manchu, people based north of Korea grew stronger.  Riots and uprisings by Chinese living in the southwest. Protesting overcrowded cities.  Japanese attempt an invasion (Hideyoshi)

Manchu takes over 1644  With increasing problems, Ming forces turn to the Manchu for help. Manchu not only help expel the invading Japanese, they claim China for their own!

Qing Empire -A Manchu family now headed the Chinese government. Manchu generals head the military. -Manchu compose a small percentage of the population. Most government officials are ethnic Chinese. -Have we seen other examples of this in ( )?

Qing Empire  -Emperor Kagnxi- Although ethnically Manchu, becomes fluent in Chinese and memorizes Confucian classics. -Doubles the size of China: Taiwan, inner Mongolia and Tibet.

Qing Empire  -Foreign Trade is now encouraged. Central Asian horses brought in. Vietnam, Burma and Nepal pay tribute to trade with Chinese. -Civil-service exam: Increased importance, low classes can participate. “Gentry” – Individuals with the rank of a political official

Cultural Exchange  Unlike Japan, Emperor Kangxi welcomes Jesuit missionaries. o Begins a cultural exchange: Jesuits inform Qing on European science, medicine and anatomy. o Exchange promotes trade between Europe and Asia. Wallpaper- becomes a commodity in Europe. Tea from China spreads all over Europe - Despite increased trade- Canton remains sole port for Europeans. This is frustrating for Europeans growing markets.

Qing Decline  “New World’ crops like potatoes and corn, prove easy to grow and very nutritional. -Leads to a population explosion. China’s population triples from 1500 to Environmental problems persist. Deforestation, soil erosion. -Qing government is not up to controlling its enormous population. Decline begins, ending in 1914

Imperial China’s Impact on History  Political?  Religious?  Economic?  Technological?  Social?