Quench Detection System R. Denz TE-MPE-EP on behalf of the QPS team

Upgrade of the LHC quench detection system (QDS) during LS1 Yellow racks & R2E QDS system dependability during LHC operation in 2015 Overall system performance Upgrades performed in 2015 Experience during the ion run Preparation for 2016 operation Firmware upgrade for nQPS DAQ systems Deployment of radiation tolerant QDS for 600 A circuits Includes RU.L4 and RU.R4 Expected system performance in 2016 Outline 2

QDS upgrade during LS1 3 QPS system dependability Overhaul of MB protection systems (“Yellow racks”) Revision of safety critical firmware Automatic system configuration and verification R2E framework: Relocation of equipment (Inner Triplet protection) Deployment of radiation tolerant electronics (IPQ, IPD) Enhancement of supervision & diagnostic capabilities Enhanced quench heater circuit supervision Earth voltage feelers QPS fieldbus upgrade CSCM for all sectors (objective added in 2014)

The new systems record simultaneously the discharge voltage and current at sampling rates up to 192 kHz and 16 Bit resolution Discharge current is measured with the help of dedicated precision measurement transformers. Special mode to detect blown internal fuse of the quench heater power supply indicating a potential heater isolation fault. Successful detection of a damaged heater strip in A26R8. The heater strip has been isolated and replaced by a low field heater. The new systems are so far only available for MB magnets. In the midterm, it is foreseen deploying these type of systems for all magnets protected by quench heaters. Enhanced quench heater circuit supervision for main dipole magnets 4 Quench heater resistance recorded during discharge revealing a damaged heater strip in MB A26R8.

Data provided by Zinur Charifoulline: About quench heater circuit usage... Statistics for LHC main dipoles, Expected to be less in 2016 No firing campaign scheduled for 2016

Remote control options Remote power cycle of detection crates Re-start of stalled communication busses Automatic re-start of stalled field-bus couplers 11 interventions requiring access in 2012, fully transparent in 2015 Update of QPS superv ision FESA2  FESA3 Configuration management QPS field-bus upgrade  higher data transmission rates Revision of LOGGING data retrieval Analog data recorded without dead-bands Installation of earth voltage feelers for the main circuits Improved availability & maintainability 6 MPE stand-by service statistics for QDS+DAQ interventions In % of all interventions were requiring access to the LHC compared to 41% in 2012!

System immunity to ionizing radiation (R2E) 7  Relocation of QPS equipment previously installed in UJ14, UJ16, UJ56 Inner triplet protection  Deployment of radiation tolerant electronics for quench detection systems for IPQ and IPD protection  Ghosts from the past... Deployment of radiation tolerant electronics for quench detection systems for 600 A protection Upgrade started - to be completed during YETS

QDS system dependability in 2015 Challenging year after major system upgrades during LS1 Significant (not foreseen) effort to overcome post LS1 teething problems affecting overall system availability (96.79%) 8 Very (=100%) reliable operation and effective protection of superconducting circuits Detection of 40 main dipole quenches during proton run 2015 Safe detection of MB training quench at nominal current. Note: A QPS = (T OPERATION - T FAULT(AFT) )/T OPERATION Smooth ~96% mBS crisis

Necessary due to problems with the radiation tolerance of the hybrid circuit boards installed for the CSCM test in 2014 Exchange of 1248 QPS circuits boards (6.1 % of total installed quantity) Test of 2496 hardwired interlocks (18.5 % of all QPS interlocks) Verification of 4992 analog signals Electrical test of the LHC main dipole circuits Powering test of the LHC main dipole circuits Successfully completed within one week Very challenging, demanding and hopefully exceptional exercise DQQBS back-grade during TS#2 9 Many thanks for all the essential support provided by internal and external teams!

Significant improvement of system availability QDS system dependability after TS#2 10 QTYSEPOCTNOVDECTOTAL QDS QDSIPQDT nQPS QDSRB QDSRQ QDSRBQ Σ DUMPS13115 (3 x SEU) No faults in main magnet protection units!

R2E related problems Not yet hardened detection systems for 600 A nQPS triggers during ion run Special case of rack B10L2 (~40 Gy, 120 μSv/h surface activity), meanwhile re-located by one meter Mitigated and transparent faults (not affecting availability) Hardware failures Cables & connectors (mostly teething problems) Circuit board failures Protection crate hardware problems Data acquisition & transmission Stalled bus recovery etc.  further mitigation & consolidation currently ongoing (YETS 15/16) QDS main failure modes 11 Consolidation during YETS 15/16 Very rare (1/year), non safety critical events causing down time of a few hours. Example for a hardware fault: 1.Broken multilayer ceramic chip capacitor causes faulty input signal on a symmetric quench detection board type DQQDS. 2.Detection algorithm triggers correctly causing heater firing and beam dump. 3.Faulty board is replaced by standby service. 4.Allocated fault time is 7.2 h + penalties for pre-cycle... 5.There are 58 capacitors of the incriminated type (same value and rating) on each of the 1632 DQQDS boards currently installed in LHC. 6.1 out of caps failing in 2015  λ 2015 = 1.2 x h -1

Firmware upgrade for nQPS DAQ systems Sampling rate for earth voltage feelers increased to 10 Hz Better detection and recovery of local communication faults; transparent error handling Deployment of radiation tolerant QDS for 600 A circuits Mandatory for radiation exposed areas in point 1, 5 and 7 QDS preparation for 2016 operation 12 Completed last week! New detection systems are no longer requiring re-calibration cycles (resets)  we will try hard to upgrade as well RU.L4 and RU.R4...

Considering a successfully implementation of the ongoing upgrades: The same level of availability as in 2015 after TS#2 (~98%) should be feasible despite the increasing radiation load The required overall (QDS + HDS + EE) availability for smooth LHC operation is: A QPS ≥ 96% The system maintainability is expected to improve, mainly to the better handling of certain error types The complexity of the system remains a challenge Almost possibilities to stop LHC at any time... QDS performance in 2016 – an estimate 13