DATA REPRESENTATION 4 Y. Colette Lemard February 2009

2 HOW IS DATA ACTUALLY REPRESENTED IN THE COMPUTER!?

3 Every character, whether it is a letter, a number or a special character, has a binary representation. This is the form in which you will find it stored on a storage medium.

4 However, all computers do not use the same system for determining the representation. Most microcomputers use the ASCII system IBM machines, minicomputers and mainframes use EBCDIC There is also UNICODE – an international standard set up by the ISO

5 ASCII ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is a standard seven-bit code that was proposed by ANSI in 1963, and finalized in 1968ANSI The standard ASCII character set consists of 128 decimal numbers ranging from zero through 127 assigned to letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and the most common special characters.

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7 The ASCII value is then represented as a binary number in the computer. E.g. capital A is 65  E.g. capital B is 66 

8 E.g. common a is 97  E.g. common b is 98  E.g. a space is 32  E.g. the semicolon (;) is 59 

9 The ASCII code takes up 7 bits and one bit is used for parity. That means that one character can be stored in 8 bits  one byte

10 EBCDIC EBCDIC was invented in 1963 by IBM for use in their computer systems in the days when proprietary standards were in vogue. It stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code and was based on the BCD concept but using 8 bits so allowing for representation of many more characters.

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12 The 1 byte binary EBCDIC code is split into two nybbles – the first 4 bytes indicates the class of the character while the second is the actual representation of the character

13 E.g stands for 9. the first 4 characters 1111 indicate that it is a number and 1001 is the BCD for 9 E.g. uppercase characters begin with 1100

14 UNICODE Unicode is aimed at providing a unique number for every character, no matter what the platform, no matter what the program, no matter what the language.

15 The Unicode Standard has been adopted by such industry leaders as Apple, HP, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun, Sybase, Unisys and many others. Unicode is required by modern standards such as XML, Java, JavaScript, CORBA 3.0, etc.. It is supported in many operating systems and all modern browsers.

16 The use of the Unicode character set can be seen when one attempts to insert a symbol from inside MS Word. The dialog box allows one to choose a character from the ASCII set or the UNICODE set. The UNICODE set comes up by default however.

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18 S U M M A R Y We’ve looked at : Bits & Bytes Number bases (Base 2, 8, 10, 16) Binary Fixed representation BCD signed magnitude one’s complement two’s complement Floating point numbers Number and character representation

19 Q U E S T I O N S?

20 ~ The E N D ~