Development of an Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array for Climate Michael J. McPhaden NOAA/PMEL Outline:  Scientific background  Status of Implementation  Developing Partnership with Indonesia’s Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research (BRKP) and Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) Contact: Ridwan Djamaluddin, Head of BPPT Technology Center for Marine Survey

Global Tropical Moored Buoy Arrays

Current Conditions TAO

Longest Continuous Moored Time Series in World Ocean 0°, 110°W

Indian Ocean “Dipole” or “Zonal Mode” First reported in Nature by Saji et al and Webster et al in 1999

Indian Ocean Science Drivers Improved description, understanding and prediction of:  Indian Ocean Dipole (El Niño-like phenomenon in the Indian Ocean)  Seasonal monsoon variability  Monsoon ENSO interactions  Intraseasonal oscillations and both near and far field impacts (Asian monsoon active/break periods; west coast US rainfall, Atlantic hurricane formation, ENSO)  SST warming trends since the 1970s  Indonesian Throughflow  General ocean circulation, ocean heat transport, and their variability Indian Ocean Dipole

Efforts to develop an Indian Ocean component to the Global Ocean Observing system for climate studies are accelerating  Compelling unanswered scientific questions;  Potential societal benefits from development of skillful monsoon prediction models;  One of the most poorly sampled regions of the world ocean;  Growing ocean science investments from India, Indonesia, Japan, and the U.S.;  Inauguration of plans for the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) in 2003;  Inauguration of a CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel in 2004;

Integrated, Multi-platform Ocean Observing System Carbon/hydro cruise High density XBT Frequently repeated XBT Enhanced XBT lines to monitor Indonesian Throughflow, inflow to western boundary, Java upwelling and 10°S thermocline ridge In situ array shown here designed to complement satellite missions Emphasis on ocean, but will provide surface met data as well Argo floats 3°x 3° Drifters 5°x 5° ~20 real-time tide gauges for IOTWS Regional mooring arrays

Draft Strategy for Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array *Actual sea days in 2006: involves more than just mooring work

Ship time needs based on these hypothetical tracks

Near-Term Mooring Array Plans

Meteorological Data at 0°, 90°E

ATLAS at 0, 80.5E MLD based on  =0.15 kg m -3 from surface value Transition winds (Nov-Dec) Northeast Monsoon (Feb-Mar) Wyrtki Jet (Nov-Dec) Northeast Monsoon Current (Feb-Mar) O(1°C) week-to-week and seasonal SST changes 50 m intraseasonal MLD changes (Nov-Jan) Shallow and steady during NE monsoon (Feb-Mar)

Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Data Assembly Center (DAC)  Modeled after TAO/ TRITON and PIRATA data processing and dissemination systems.  PMEL and JAMSTEC initial contributors.  Hosted at PMEL; potential for mirror sites outside the US (e.g. in Indonesia).

FY06 Budget for NOAA Climate Observations and Services “…[Funds] to expand the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean array… into the Indian Ocean. This expansion will enhance NOAA's capability to accurately document the state of ocean climatic conditions and improve seasonal forecasting capability.” ( Other activities covered by this funding:  Add salinity sensors to the TAO array to improve seasonal-interannual forecasting.  Upgrades for 4 TAO and 3 PIRATA moorings to ocean reference station quality.  Provide 4 additional buoys for the PIRATA array in the hurricane-genesis region of the Atlantic Ocean for improved understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions on hurricane development.  Support the technological development of the next generation of moored buoys

Ship Time Challenge Requirements:  > 140 days per year to maintain full array  Must be available routinely and with regularity  Assumes 1-year mooring design lifetime and annual servicing cruises

SEACORM First Annual Workshop for Marine Scientific and Technological Research Cooperation Agency for Marine and Fisheries (BRKP) Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Marine and Fisheries and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) United States Department of Commerce “Use of Ocean Observations to Enhance Sustainable Development - Training and Capacity Building Workshop for the Eastern Indian Ocean” Indonesian South East Asia Center for Ocean Research and Monitoring (SEACORM) Bali, Indonesia 7-9 June 2006

Near-Term Mooring Array Plans RV Baruna Jaya I Nov 2006

Near-Term Mooring Array Plans Collaboration with BRKP & BPPT Deploy 2 new ATLAS moorings (4ºN, 8ºN) Repair 2 existing ATLAS moorings (0º, 1.5ºN if required) Jakarta to Padang 14 days for transit and mooring operations (assuming 10 kt) Nov-Dec 2006 time frame

Summary  The international community has developed plans for an integrated Indian Ocean observing system for climate research and forecasting.  The array design is based on observing, understanding, and predicting key ocean and climate phenomena that have significant socio-economics impacts on countries surrounding the basin and that affect global climate variability.  The plan has been endorsed by CLIVAR and GOOS; implementation is underway.  The newest component of the observing system is a basin scale moored buoy array, with initial contributions from the U.S., India, and Japan; beginning this year, we expect Indonesia (BRKT & BPPT) to join the effort.  There are many challenges to full implementation of this array, but success promises significant scientific and societal benefits.  Need to Leverage available resources for development of multi- hazard warning systems, e.g. for climate, weather, tsunami, etc.