CH. 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY MRS. BARNES

MATTER Matter is anything that takes up space. Elements are the natural form of matter. They are composed of atoms; vary in size and how they interact.

ATOMS Consists of a nucleus containing: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Positive charge- proton Negative charge- electron No charge- neutron What element has a mass of 1?

FORMULAS AND BONDS Atoms form bonds by gaining, losing, and sharing elctrons. Atoms want to have 8 electrons in their outer shell. Ionic bonds- when atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions with a charge. Whether they gain or lose depends on: how many they have in the outer shell to start with.

FORMULAS AND BONDS Covalent bonds- formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled outer shells. Molecules & Compounds- a molecule is formed when two or more atoms combine. If atoms of different elements combine, the resulting structure can also be called a compound.

FORMULAS AND REACTIONS A molecular formula represents the # and types of atoms in a molecule. Those changed by the reaction are the reactants; those formed are the products. 3 Chemical Reactions: Synthesis- A+B  AB Exchange- AB + C  AC + B Decomposition- AB  A +B

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds that contain both hydrogen and carbon are called organic, the others are inorganic.

ACIDS, BASES, AND PH Substances that release ions in water are called electrolytes. - Acids- release hydrogen ions in water--- Less than 7 - Bases- release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water--- more than 7 - Neutral is 7 pH- concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution.

H2O, GASES AND SALTS Two gases important to life- Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Salts important to life- Inorganic salts- sodium, chloride, potassium Organic Compounds Must contain Carbon and Hydrogen but may contain other elements as well.

CARBOHYDRATES Carbs provide energy for cellular activities and are composed of 3 elements? Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen Carbs are made from monosaccarides, disaccharides (2 monos joined together)

CARBOHYDRATES Complex carbs called poly, such as starch, are built of many sugars Humans synthesize the complex carb called poly glycogen

LIPIDS What 3 elements do they all contain? C, H, O (more C and H Ex. C 57 H 110 O 6 ) Lipids supply energy, are built from glycerol and three fatty acids. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds

LIPIDS Phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group, and are important in cell structures. Steroids are complex ring structures, and include cholesterol, which is used to synthesize the sex hormones.

PROTEINS Proteins contain what 4 elements? C, H, O (N and S in smaller amounts) Building blocks of proteins are the amino acids, each of which has an amine group, an acid group and an amino acid chain called the R group. Proteins have complex shapes held together by hydrogen bonds. Protein shapes, which determine how proteins function, can be altered by pH, temperature, radiation, or chemicals. This is called denatured.

NUCLEIC ACIDS Form genes and take part in protein synthesis Contain 4 elements: C, H, O, N, P What are the building blocks called? Nucleotides Two major types: DNA and RNA

DNA AND RNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- 2 strands; 4 bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) RNA (ribonucleic acid)- 1 strand; 4 bases (adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine)

LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE 1.Primary Structure 2.Secondary Structure 3.Tertiary Structure 4.Quaternary Structure