Concept of business Exchange of goods and services between two people (i.e. buyer and the seller) in terms of money or money’s worth Exchange happens by way of “ Agreement” Putting resources in a systematic way Clubbing of resources in a systematic approach

Bringing various resources together to set up a business and putting to work systematically Characteristics of business Establishment – Legal Formalities required Qualification – specific qualification not required Investment – capital must – Depends on the nature of business Nature of work – Production / Exchange of Goods and services

Motive – Generally profit motive Reward – Possible outcome Profit, Brand Image Transferability of ownership – required legal formalities, business can be transferred to others Risk – loss

Nature of business organization Dealing of goods and service – one person to another or company to company Production and exchange of goods and services Continuity and regularity of dealing - Regular Profit Motive – Maximization of profit Risk – Probability risk

Objectives of the Business Primary objective – Profit Earn Not Exist for long with Profit sole Objective Business not mere profit chasing but should also aim at serving the Community The objectives of the business could be Economic objectives Social objectives and Human objectives

Economic objectives Earning of satisfactory profits Exploring new markets Creation of new potential customers Growth and expansion of business operations Making innovations and improvement – goods and services

Social Objectives Business – being part of the society – has obligations towards the society Provide more and more employment opportunities Supply of quality goods and services Offer products at reasonable prices Do services in ethical way Production of goods in accordance with national interest and priorities

Human objectives Safeguard the interest of its employees Fair deal to employees in terms of wages and incentives Providing better working culture – Environment Provide job satisfaction Give chance for professional growth / opportunities

Forms of Business organization Non- Corporate Firm Corporate Firm Sole TraderPartnershipJoint Stock CoyCo-op Org

Non- Corporate Firms Sole Trader One who owns the business individually – engage his own money Business affairs taken care by individual – No third part involvement Enjoy full benefit and face all risk No more legal formalities

Merits Easy formation Direct Motivation – Direct motivation from individual help him to come up Full Control – He / She Exercise his own control at any time More Flexible nature – Innovation, Flexibility in day today affairs. Maintenance of confidential matter - No chance for misuse of confidential matters Personal touch with consumer

Demerits Limited resources- Financial Wealth, Physical Infrascture Not possible Large scale – Any time insolvency Fail in managerial Skills No audit no checking Unethical practices No stability – Any Point of time attitude will change

Partnership Partnerships in India are governed by the Indian Partnership Act, Partnership is formed as a result of an agreement between two or more persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. Partnership Deed – Agreement b/w partnership to express their willingness – Details of the partner, Profit sharing, Capital Investment etc.., Two or more persons join together and pool in their investment to run a business for common purpose Common business goal

Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act has defined partnership as Partnership is the relation' between two or more persons who have agreed to share the profits o f a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.

The following characteristics of partnership. It is an association of two or more persons. It must arise out of an agreement. The agreement must be to carry on a business. The agreement must be to share the profits of the business. The business must be carried on by all or any of them acting for all.

PARTNERSHIP DEED The document in which the terms of partnership as agreed by the partners are set forth, is called a’ Partnership deed'. It should be drafted with care and signed by all the partners. This agreement maybe oral or in writing. But, in order to avoid any dispute, with regard to the terms of partnership, it is considered desirable to have it in writing.

The partnership deed usually covers the following. 1. Name of the firm 2. Names and addresses of all partners 3.Nature and place of business 4.Date of commencement of partnership 5. Duration of partnership 6. Amount of capital contributed or to be contributed by each partner 7. Management of firm's business 8. Ratio of sharing profits and losses 9. Interest, if any, on partners' capital and drawings

10. Interest on loan advanced by a partner to the firm 11. Salaries, commission, etc., if payable to any partner 12. The safe custody of books and other documents 13. Mode of auditor's appointment, if any 14. Rules to be followed in case of admission 15. Retirement, death, etc. of a partner 16. Method of settling disputes amongst partners 17. Settlement of accounts on dissolution of the firm

TYPES OF PARTNERS Active A person entering into partnership by contract and taking active part in the conduct of business is called 'active‘ partner. Sleeping Sleeping partner is one who contributes to the capital of the firm and has a share in the profits of the firm. Rut, he does not take an active part in the conduct of the business of the firm. Nominal partner A partner who neither contributes to the capital of the firm nor takes a share in the profit or takes part in' the management of the firm is called 'nominal partner'. Partner in profits only If it has been agreed among partners that a particular partner shall have a share in the profit only and not he liable for losses, such a, partner is known as 'partner in profits '