30 Nuclear and High Energy Physics Lectures by James L. Pazun Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley
Goals for Chapter 30 To study the properties of nuclei. To understand why nuclei are stable (or not). To overview radioactivity, radiation, and the Life Sciences. To summarize nuclear reactions, fission, and fusion. To overview fundamental particles and high-energy physics. To introduce cosmology.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Get a mental picture of the sizes If the stadium were an atom, the nucleus would be a garden pea at about second base. The electrons would fill the city it was in! Refer to example 30.1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The atomic nuclei are consistent but different. Refer to Table 30.1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Atomic masses – Table 30.2 Refer also to Problem Solving Strategy 30.1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley E=mc 2 and the mass defect – Figure 30.1 Refer to Example 30.2 The only explanation for missing mass when atoms are split is conversion to energy. This is our first example of non-conservation!
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley N, P and Nuclear stability – Figure 30.2 Notice that N=P is stable only in very light elements. Heavier, stable nuclei have N>P.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Alpha decay – Figure 30.3 Because of their size and speed alpha particles are the least penetrating of particulate radiation. Refer to the text on page 1011 for examples and elements prone to this type of decay.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Beta and gamma radiation – Figure 30.4 A beta particle is an electron and more penetrating that an alpha particle. Gamma rays are very energetic e/m radiation (more so than even x-rays).
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The decay series – Figure 30.5 From a very heavy element like Uranium-238, one can trace steps of decay all the way to Pb-206 Refer to Quantitative Analysis 30.2 and Example 30.3
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Terms and definitions from nuclear chemistry Decay Rates Number of radioactive nuclei remaining after time t Half life Decay constant and half life Activity Lifetime Curie Becquerel Refer to Conceptual Analysis 30.3, Example 30.4
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Radiation and the Life Sciences – Define terms Radiation Gray Rad RBE Sievert Rem
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Applications – Pages Conceptual Analysis 30.4 – Absorbing Radiation Example 30.5 – Medical x-rays Radiation Hazards Radon Hazards Example 30.6 – Radiation in the air Medical Applications
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Nuclear reactions / nuclear energy – pages A reaction with emission/decay or bombardment/addition. See page Nuclear reactions are exothermic and endothermic. See Examples 30.7 and Nuclear Fission Fission Fragments Induced Fission Spontaneous Fission Chain Reactions Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Weapons
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Chain Reaction – Figure 30.10
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Nuclear power plant – Figure and Example 30.9
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Nuclear Fusion and Fundamental Particles Something we’ve seen in our sun and weapons. A commercial power plant based on nuclear fusion is a problem of containment, of engineering. See pages Fundamental particles Neutron Positron Antiparticles/pair production Mesons Pions
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley High Energy Physics – Terms Formed around the four forces – Refer to the top of page The strong interaction The electromagnetic interaction The weak interaction The gravitational interaction More particles Antiproton Hadrons Leptons Bosons Fermions
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Leptons
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The Hadrons
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Further terms See baryon Example Strangeness – Page 1033 Conservation laws – Pages See Conceptual Analysis 30.5 Quarks – See the text on pages 1034 and 1035 as well as the tables on the following slide
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Quarks
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Topics and terms on pages Grand or Unified Field Theory The Expanding Universe Red and Blue Shifts / Hubble’s Law The Big Bang / Critical Density Dark matter and Dark energy Matter and Antimatter Pages propose a chronological history of the universe