ECONOMICS OF FOOD and AGRICULTURE THIRD EDITION Price Quantity/ unit of time Demand Supply Q* P* Equilibrium Price & Quantity JOHN DEERE DAVID L. DEBERTIN.

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Presentation transcript:

ECONOMICS OF FOOD and AGRICULTURE THIRD EDITION Price Quantity/ unit of time Demand Supply Q* P* Equilibrium Price & Quantity JOHN DEERE DAVID L. DEBERTIN

List of Chapters Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: The Structure of Agriculture Chapter 3: Demand and Supply Chapter 5: Utility Analysis Chapter 4: Introduction to Elasticities Chapter 6: Agricultural Production Economics Chapter 7: Producer Cost Chapter 8: Production with Two Inputs or Outputs Chapter 9: Alternative models of Competition Chapter 10: Agricultural Marketing Chapter 11: Credit in Agriculture Chapter 12: Public Policy Chapter 13: Economics of Resources Chapter 14: Trade in Agricultural Goods Chapter 15: Economic Systems in Other Countries Chapter 16: World Food Chapter 17: Rural Economic Development

An Introduction to Agricultural Economics Chapter 1: Introduction

Problems in Agriculture of an Economic Nature: 1. Historic low returns to labor and other resources 2. Historic low family farm income 3. Government involvement in agriculture Consumers--want a clean, high-quality food supply 4. Conflicts among taxpayers, consumers, farmers: and cheap food (or food stamps!). Taxpayers--want low government outlays. Farmers--want high incomes. Environmentalists--want food free of chemicals produced in a manner which does not pollute the environment or increase global temperatures.

The interests of all of these groups may be in conflict. Farmers cannot have high incomes unless consumers and taxpayers are willing to pay. Food free of insect damage may have pesticide residues. Low-cost food may be genetically modified

Choice Human beings have unlimited wants. Human beings have limited resources unlimited wants given limited resources. for fulfilling these wants (income is limited). Economics is concerned with how to best fulfill

Unlimited Wants Limited Resources How to Best Fulfill These Wants? Optimization under Scarcity

Agricultural Economics Agriculture is a declining industry, with low returns to resources invested problems and opportunities in agriculture. This leads to for agricultural economists. JOHN DEERE

Model Building In order to build a model of the real world, For an agricultural economist, this usually means understanding agriculture. Agricultural economists abstract from reality when models are built. This means "leaving out" unimportant elements of the problem in order to more fully understand the important elements. you must first understand the real world.

Policy Decision Outcome An economic model can be used to simulate what might happen if particular economic policies are put in place. Set of Conditions Economic

Policy Decision Outcome An economic model can be used to simulate what might happen if particular economic policies are put in place. Set of Conditions Economic Drought Relief Legislation Improved Farm Incomes

Micro- versus Macroeconomics: Micro prefix "small" "individual" "single decisionmaker" Consumer as the decisionmaker Producer as the decisionmaker

Macro Prefix "large" "whole" "entire" Aggregate issues many producers many consumers The U.S. Economy The Farm Economy

Opportunity Cost If I choose this option, then I forgo the opportunity to do something else. What is the cost in terms of forgone opportunities? ?

What is my "next best" Alternative? As an alternative, this money could have earned Opportunity cost is the return from the next best risk-free investment. $10,000 is the opportunity cost of my This is an expense, whether we realize it or not. 2% when invested in a bank certificate of deposit (CD). $500,000 investment. Assume that $500,000 is invested in a farm.

Here the return has averaged 22% over the $110,000 is the opportunity cost. BUT-- THE INVESTMENT IS NOT RISK FREE! As an alternative, invest the $500,000 in the stock market. last 3 years.

Agricultural Economics Economic problems applied to agriculture. Some are microeconomic problems concerned with agricultural producers and consumers of agricultural commodities. Some are macroeconomic problems concerned with how the national economy affects agriculture.

All involve the concepts of: 1. Scarcity (limited resources) 2. Unlimited wants Within an agricultural setting what is the best, or optimal way to satisfy unlimited wants given limits and scarcity?

What is a Farm? Old definition (before 1974) Sells $250 worth of agricultural products OR 10 or more acres. New definition (after 1974) Sells or "could sell" $1000 worth of agricultural products. Lots of small farms!

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Farms, Land in Farms and Average Acres Per Farm,

Source: USDA Census of Agriculture, 2002 and 2007

USDA County Dependence Source: USDA. Data are for 1989.

Non-metro Farming-Dependent Counties, 1950 Source: USDA ERS

Non-metro Farming-Dependent Counties, 2000 Source: USDA ERS

Source: Compiled from USDA Census of Agriculture Data (000)

Source: Compiled from USDA Census of Agriculture Data

Approximate Percent of Total Sales of Agricultural Commodities by Sales Category, Sales of Farm

Source: USDA Census of Agriculture, 2007

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There has been a rapid appreciation in farmland prices (again). Generally, farmers have done ok, with usually adequate prices and crop yields Crop producers have probably done better than livestock producers, overall. Rural areas were generally less adversely affected by the recession, high unemployment, and declining prices for residences than were urban areas. The first decade of the 21 st century was something of an economic rebirth for many rural areas. What is Happening in the 2000s ?

Long run problems remain: 1. Oversupply--too much capacity to produce 2. Countries that need the food often don't have the money to buy 3. Still low returns to resources used in agricultural production - labor - management Many farmers still would be better off doing something else! : There are new opportunities for young farmers.