 Depersonalization - Derealization Disorder  Dissociative Amnesia  Dissociative Fugue  Dissociative Identity Disorder  Depersonalization - Derealization Disorder  Dissociative Amnesia  Dissociative Fugue  Dissociative Identity Disorder

Normal Dissociation Normal Dissociation Amnesia Fugue Partial DID Partial DID Complex DID Complex DID Poly-Fragmented DID Poly-Fragmented DID

 Primary Features – Depersonalization – Derealization  Primary Features – Depersonalization – Derealization  Impairs Functioning  Causes Significant Distress  Runs a Chronic Course  Impairs Functioning  Causes Significant Distress  Runs a Chronic Course  Clinical Description

 Localized or Selective – Failure to Recall Specific Events – more common form  Localized or Selective – Failure to Recall Specific Events – more common form  Generalized – Unable to Remember Anything  Generalized – Unable to Remember Anything

 Clinical Description Go to Another Location – Unaware “How They Arrived” Go to Another Location – Unaware “How They Arrived” Memory Loss – Specific Incident Memory Loss – Specific Incident May Assume New Identity; partial disintegration of identity May Assume New Identity; partial disintegration of identity Fugue Usually Ends Abruptly

 Clinical Description  Differs Across Cultures – Sudden Changes in Personality often attributed to Possession by Spirit – may not be abnormal  Differs Across Cultures – Sudden Changes in Personality often attributed to Possession by Spirit – may not be abnormal  Often Related to Trauma  Females > Males  Often Related to Trauma  Females > Males

 Clinical Description  Formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder  Formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder  Person’s Identity is Dissociated  May Adopt 100 Identities – “Alters” – The Nature of Alters  May Adopt 100 Identities – “Alters” – The Nature of Alters

 Central Features  Host Identity – One Who Asks for Treatment – Attempt to Hold Alters Together  Host Identity – One Who Asks for Treatment – Attempt to Hold Alters Together  A Switch – Abrupt Change in Personalities – Usually Instantaneous  A Switch – Abrupt Change in Personalities – Usually Instantaneous

 Facts and Statistics  Average Number of Alters? – 15  Average Number of Alters? – 15  Females > Males (9:1)  Onset in Childhood – Linked to Extreme Abuse  Onset in Childhood – Linked to Extreme Abuse  Runs a Chronic Course

 Causes  Unspeakable Childhood Abuse – 97% of Cases – Escape Into Fantasy World – Become Someone Else – Do What It Takes to Survive  Unspeakable Childhood Abuse – 97% of Cases – Escape Into Fantasy World – Become Someone Else – Do What It Takes to Survive  DID as a Means of Coping?

 Other Related Features  Suggestibility  Hypnotizability – Similar to Dissociation  Suggestibility  Hypnotizability – Similar to Dissociation  Are These Related to DID?

 Abuse: Controversial Issues False vs. Real Memories Do Therapists Plant Memories? Can False Memories be Created? – Elizabeth Loftus – associative memory illusion False vs. Real Memories Do Therapists Plant Memories? Can False Memories be Created? – Elizabeth Loftus – associative memory illusion

 Treatment  Dissociative Amnesia & Fugue – Usually Improve on Their Own – Stress Reduction and Coping  Dissociative Amnesia & Fugue – Usually Improve on Their Own – Stress Reduction and Coping  Dissociative Identity Disoder – No Controlled Research – Treatments are Similar to PTSD  Dissociative Identity Disoder – No Controlled Research – Treatments are Similar to PTSD