PRACTICE! In-Text Citations

Direct Quote Make a direct quotation from the following sentence: "Content development is the hardest, most time consuming part of any website development project" (Patrick J. Lynch and Sarah Horton, Web style guide: basic design principles for creating web sites, 3).

Example: According to Lynch and Horton, “content development is the hardest, most time consuming part of any website development project”. (Lynch and Horton 3)

Paraphrase: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976):

Example: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47). Owl Perdue

This is Plagiarism… Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

Mixed-Quote Example Example quotation: According to Roger Sipher, a solution to the perceived crisis of American education is to "Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend" (para. 3).

Mixed-Quote 3. Make a mixed quotation from the following passage: "People who disregard technological megaleaps are likely to end up feeling out of touch. Worse, once a person falls behind in the endless race to know and understand new technology, it takes tremendous determination and stamina to catch up (Willem Velthoven, Liesbeth den Boer, and Geert- Jan Strengthold, Website Graphics--the best of Global Design, intro). *note, for multiple authors, refer to them as Velthoven et al. "Et al" is Latin for "and others."

Example: Velthoven et al claim that people who fail to keep pace with new technologies will not only be "out of touch" with society, they will also have to exert "tremendous determination and stamina to catch up."