Slide 1 Figure 5-1 Page 92 CHAPTER 5: EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY: ORIGINS, NICHES AND ADAPTATION

Slide 2 Figure 5-2 Page 93 Formation of the earth’s early crust and atmosphere Small organic molecules form in the seas Large organic molecules (biopolymers) form in the seas First protocells form in the seas Single-cell prokaryotes form in the seas Single-cell eukaryotes form in the seas Variety of multicellular organisms form, first in the seas and later on land Chemical Evolution (1 billion years) Biological Evolution (3.7 billion years) © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Slide 3 Click to view animation. Animation Stanley Miller's experiment animation.

Slide 4 Plants begin invading land Evolution and expansion of life First fossil record of animals Plants invade the land Age of reptiles Age of mammals Insects and amphibians invade the land Modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear about 2 seconds before midnight Recorded human history begins 1/4 second before midnight Origin of life (3.6–3.8 billion years ago) Figure 5-3 Page 94 noon midnight

Slide 5 Figure 5-4 Page 96

Slide 6 Click to view animation. Example of directional selection animation. Animation

Slide 7 Figure 4-5 Page 68

Slide 8 Directional Natural Selection Natural selection New averagePrevious average Number of individuals Coloration of snails Proportion of light-colored snails in population increases Number of individuals Snail coloration best adapted to conditions Average Coloration of snails Average shifts Figure 5-5 (1) Page 97

Slide 9 Population Size LowHighTemperature Zone of intolerance Zone of physiological stress Optimum range Zone of physiological stress Zone of intolerance No organisms Few organisms Lower limit of tolerance Abundance of organisms Few organisms No organisms Upper limit of tolerance Figure 4-13 Page 72

Slide 10 Stabilizing Natural Selection Coloration of snails Light snails eliminated Dark snails eliminated Number of individuals Coloration of snails Snails with extreme coloration are eliminated Number of individuals Average remains the same, but the number of individuals with intermediate coloration increases Natural selection Figure 5-5 (2) Page 97

Slide 11 Number of individuals with light and dark coloration increases, and the number with intermediate coloration decreases Coloration of snails Number of individuals Snails with light and dark colors dominate Diversifying Natural Selection Coloration of snails Number of individuals Light coloration is favored Dark coloration is favored Intermediate-colored snails are selected against Natural selection Figure 5-5 (3) Page 97

Slide 12 Region of niche overlap Generalist species with a broad niche Generalist species with a narrow niche Niche breadth Niche separation Number of individuals Resource use Figure 5-6 Page 98

Slide 13 Figure 5-7 Page 100 Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans Knot (a sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide Herring gull is a tireless scavenger Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches

Slide 14 Stepped Art Figure 5-8 Page 100 Early fox population Spreads northward and southward and separates Adapted to heat through lightweight fur and long ears, legs, and nose, which give off more heat. Adapted to cold through heavier fur, short ears, short legs, short nose. White fur matches snow for camouflage. Gray Fox Arctic Fox Different environmental conditions lead to different selective pressures and evolution into two different species. Southern population Northern population

Slide 15 EURASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA INDIA 135 million years ago Present 65 million years ago 225 million years ago 120°80°0° 120° 80° 40° 120° GONDWANALAND 120° LAURASIA PANGAEA ANTARCTICA AUSTRALIA NORTH AMERICA MADA- GASCAR MADA- GASCAR Figure 5-9 Page 101

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Slide 18 Animation Click to view animation. Stabilizing selection animation.

Slide 19 Animation Click to view animation. Disruptive selection animation.

Slide 20 Animation Click to view animation. Evolutionary tree of life animation.

Slide 21 Animation Click to view animation. Evolutionary tree diagrams interaction.