Similarities and Differences Comparing Classifying Creating Metaphors Creating Analogies

McREL’s Strategies Marzano (1998) analyzed selected research studies on instructional strategies that could be used by teachers in K- 12 classrooms.

CategoryAverage Effect size (ES) Percentile Gain Number of Effect Sizes Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note taking Reinforcing effort and providing recognition Homework and Practice Nonlinguistic representation Cooperative learning Setting objectives and providing feedback Generating and testing hypotheses Questions, cues, and advance organizers.59221,251

Comparing pp. 11 &14 Examine how things are alike and different based on common characteristics.

Recommendations for practice: 1.Give students a model for the process

Recommendations for practice: 2. Use familiar content to teach students the steps for comparing.

Recommendations for practice: 3. Give students graphic organizers for comparing ? x y z

Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and ____________ How are they most alike? ___________________________ What is the greatest difference between them? ______________ ___________________________

Compare Two Sources: A.How is what Talmadge wrote like the painting? How is it different? B. Identify each as a primary or secondary source. Explain the reasons for your choices. “Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed.” -Benjamin Talmadge

Classifying pp Consider how items are similar and different then group using similarities to define categories.

Metaphors pg. 34 Definition: Figure of speech in which a word or phrase that literally denotes one object or ideas is used with or in place of another object or idea, to suggest a likeness between them. is

Why Metaphors? Think about a time when you used a metaphor to explain something that was otherwise difficult to explain.

Metaphors War is hell. Love is a rose. My brother is a killer whale. No man is an island.

The pen is mightier than the sword

Graphic Organizer for Metaphors War Noun Characteristics Noun Characteristics Relationships ishell.

Metaphors versus Similes A metaphor states the comparison directly using “is”, for example, “He is a rock.” A simile states the comparison using “like” and “as”, for example, “The stars were like jewels in the sky.”

Metaphors 1. A circle is____________. 2. A dandelion is _____________. 3. The internet is _____________. 4. The cafeteria is ____________. 5. Love is ____________. 6. A school is ___________.

Metaphors (continued) 7. An airport is ____________. 8. A dictator is _____________. 9. My spouse is _____________. 10. A flute is ____________. 11. A book is ____________.

Metaphor Websites etaphorsInEnglish/Index.htmhttp:// etaphorsInEnglish/Index.htm metaphors.htmlhttp://therussler.tripod.com/dtps/mixed_ metaphors.html

Assessment: No man is an island. In this metaphor, why is a man compared to an island?  Man is stronger than a lion.  Man needs others to survive.  Man has no feelings to share.  Man is smaller than the world.

Creating Analogies Involves relationships between pairs of elements Looking for similarities between pairs of elements Ruler: length :: measuring cup: __??___

Creating Analogies

Analogies: It’s All About Relationships! help us make connections between things that are different; help explain an unfamiliar concept by making a comparison to something we understand; most complex format for identifying similarities and differences.

Graphic Organizer for Analogies Relationship: is to

Number of casualties in Vietnam War= 50,000 How to make this number real to students? Coors field seats Vietnam Warcasualties Relationship: is to

Creating Analogies: Type 1 George Bush: the US :: Tony Blair: Great Britain RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Teacher Directed—students must explain the relationship

Creating Analogies: Type 2 Mitt Romney:MA :: _________: FL RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Teacher Directed—Present students with one missing element; students must explain the relationship

Creating Analogies: Type 3 Happy: Sad:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the relationship

Creating Analogies: Type 4 Doctor: _______:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the relationship

Creating Analogies: Type 5 ______: _______:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide all elements and explain the relationship

Web sites for Analogies card game explanation, examples, analogy of the day &day=30 analogy of the dayhttp:// &day=30 les.htm sampleshttp:// les.htm game, like Jeopardyhttp://

Similarities and Differences Comparing Classifying Creating Metaphors Creating Analogies