Profesors Ivars Brīvers, Rīga - Ventspils, Latvija

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
at the end of the lesson you should be able to: identify the 3 conditions of identify the 3 conditions of trade trade identify the limitations of identify.
Advertisements

Strategies for Global Value Added: Gains Comparative advantage © Professor Daniel F. Spulber.
Chapter 2 Early Trade Theories:
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Trade Theory and Development Experience.
International Political Economy Absolute Advantage Comparative Advantage.
Chapter 4 Global Analysis
Adam Smith Chapter 4 January 29-February 2, 2007.
THE CASE FOR TRADE: Comparative Advantage
Factor Markets and the Distribution of Income
2. Free Trade and Protection. Summary 1.Theory of Comparative Advantage: Why trade is good. 2.Where comparative advantage comes from: Heckscher-Ohlin.
Theory of Comparative Advantage The theory of comparative advantage was first proposed by Ricardo –countries should specialize in producing those goods.
Trade Theory Why is trade mutually beneficial? Sources: Baumol, Blinder and Scarth 1988 Economics: Principles and Policy Dicken 1998 Global Shift: Transforming.
Overview Introduction Setting up the Model Adding trade into the Model
International Trade Models Mercantilism; The Classical Theories: –The Principle of Absolute Advantage –The Principle of Comparative Advantage The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson.
1 of 62 Copyright © 2011 Worth Publishers· International Economics· Feenstra/Taylor, 2/e. Chapter 2: Trade and Technology: The Ricardian Model Trade and.
1 BA 187 – International Trade Specific Factors & Differential Gains from Trade.
3 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Consider your typical day: You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea. You.
3 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade.  Consider your typical day: You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea. You pour yourself orange juice made.
“Invisible hand principle”
Economics Theories of International Trade
Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage:
© 2005 Worth Publishers Slide 12-1 CHAPTER 12 Factor Markets and the Distribution of Income PowerPoint® Slides by Can Erbil and Gustavo Indart © 2005 Worth.
1 Chapter 9 part 1 International Trade These slides supplement the textbook, but should not replace reading the textbook.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning 3 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade.
International Economics International Trade Theory A One-Factor Economy – The Ricardian Model February 15, 2007.
LECTURE 4: CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY Dr. Aidan Regan Website: Twitter:
Economic Theories David Ricardo Comparative Advantage
1 Tutorial Chapter 10 International Trade International trade leads to greater economies of scale. True The market enlarges with international trade,
Comparative Advantage and Trade Chapter 3. 2 countries; A and B Comparative advantage (technology differences) David Ricardo; International trade based.
International Trade Discussion for Parliamentary Committee on Trade.
International Trade Theory (Ch-4) Chapter Outline 1.Introduction 2.Various trade theories  Mercantilism  Theory of Absolute Advantage  Theory of Comparative.
Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage
On The Theory of Comparative Advantage by Naureen Syed Lecturer in Economics DA College For Women Ph-VIII.
© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Smith, Chapter II 1.Discuss the relationship between the British and American corn industries. (Note: As used here, "corn" is.
Theories of World Economy
Globalization, Trade, Investment, and Environment Session Objectives: l Debate risks and opportunities of economic globalization l Identify SD requirements.
1 Chapter 21 International Trade and Finance ©2004 Thomson/South-Western Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Summary Practice Quiz.
Dr.Pradnya V. Sonwane Roll no: 52. JOURNEY INTRODUCTION TRADE THEROIES: 1. Mercantilism 2. Absolute Cost Advantage Theory. 3. Comparative Cost Theory.
International Economics
Facoltà di Giurisprudenza 2011/2012 Lazea Claudia Maria Classe MO1.
International Economics & Trade Theory CIA4U – Unit 5.
Chapter 7 Trade McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 3 Specific Factors and Income Distribution.
International Trade Theory McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Dr. Ananda Sabil Hussein.
A2 Economics International Trade A2 Economics Presentation 2006.
International Trade The Law of Comparative advantage Sec. 4.1.
Production Possibilities Absolute and Comparative Advantage.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license.
Module Comparative Advantage and Trade KRUGMAN'S MACROECONOMICS for AP* 4 Margaret Ray and David Anderson.
GLOBALIZATION International Trade. Why Do Countries Trade With Each Other? Trade maintains and improves relations between countries Trade allows countries.
EF310: International Trade and Business Lecture 17 Theories of International Trade.
Comparative Advantage & PPF Corn Wheat Because the PPF gradients are different, these two countries have different opportunity costs between Corn.
International Trade MGMT 418 Komeil Shaeri. Chapter 3 The Classical World of David Ricardo and Comparative Advantage The Principles of Political Economy.
EF310: International Trade and Business
Why Countries Trade Chapter 1
International Trade Chapter 17.
Mgmt. 418 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şule Lokmanoğlu Aker
International Trade Theory
Class 2 The Gains and Losses from Trade
International Trade.
“Invisible hand principle”
251FINA Chapter Three Dr. Heitham Al-Hajieh
© 2001 South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
Chapter 2: The law of comparative advantage
International Trade.
Benefits and Issues of International Trade
Comparative advantage theory of international trade
Production Possibilities Schedules
International Trade Chapter 15, Lesson 14.
David Ricardo ( ) English economist and politician, born in London. He set up in business as a young man, and by 1814 had made a fortune. In.
Presentation transcript:

Profesors Ivars Brīvers, Rīga - Ventspils, Latvija Klasiskās un modernās tirdzniecības teorijas mūsdienu ekonomiski integrētajā pasaulē Latvijas Ekonomistu asociācijas diskusija 2011. gada 9. februārī Profesors Ivars Brīvers, Rīga - Ventspils, Latvija

David Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817 Chapter 7 On Foreign Trade It has been said, by high authority, that less capital being necessarily devoted to the growth of corn, to the manufacture of cloth, hats, shoes, &c. while the demand continues the same, the price of these commodities will be so increased, that the farmer, hatter, clothier, and shoemaker, will have an increase of profits, as well as the foreign merchant.

Dīvainības starptautiskās tirdzniecības skaidrojumos Smitu kritizē Rikardo Rikardo kritizē gandrīz visi Hekšers un Olins izveido XX gadsimta skaidrojumu, kas tiek interpretēta kā alternatīva Rikardo teorijai Ļeontjeva paradokss tiek interpretēts kā pierādījums Hekšera-Olina teorijas kļūmīgumam Porters kategoriski izsakās par Rikardo teoriju kā labākajā gadījumā nepilnīgu, taču drīzāk kā nepareizu Portera teoriju kā vienīgo pareizo pieņem vadībzinību speciālisti Latvijā Ekonomikas zinātnes pārstāvji pasaulē ignorē Portera teoriju

Visvienkāršākais tirdzniecības izdevīguma skaidrojums Tirdzniecības absolūtā priekšrocība (Vai Smits? – nē – Aristotelis) Ja Jānis prot labāk taisīt zābakus, nekā Pēteris, bet Pēteris labāk būvēt namus, nekā Jānis, tad lai Jānis taisa zābakus ne tikai sev, bet arī Pēterim, un Pēteris būvē namu ne tikai sev, bet arī Jānim – ieguvēji būs abi. Tirdzniecības salīdzinošā priekšrocība (Rikardo) Bet ko darīt, ja Pēteris arī zābakus prot taisīt labāk nekā Jānis? Arī tādā gadījumā lai Jānis taisa zābakus ne tikai sev, bet arī Pēterim, un Pēteris būvē namu ne tikai sev, bet arī Jānim – ieguvēji tāpat būs abi, jo būtiskas ir nevis izmaksu, bet alternatīvo izmaksu atšķirības. Kāpēc ir tā, ka Jānis prot labāk taisīt zābakus, bet Pēteris labāk būvēt namus? Respektīvi, kāpēc atšķiras alternatīvās izmaksas? – Atbildes uz šāda tipa jautājumiem (tikai nevis attiecībā uz mikrolīmeni, bet makrolīmeni) ir centušās dot starptautiskās tirdzniecības teorijas.

Būtiska atšķirība mikro un makrolīmenim Ja Jānis un Pēteris strādā vieni paši, tad tirdzniecības salīdzinošā priekšrocība šaubas nerada. Taču, kas notiks, ja Jānis un Pēteris izmantos algotu strādnieku darbu? Vai nebūs tā, ka strādnieki vēlēsies no nejēgas Jāņa pāriet darbā pie prasmīgā Pētera?

Herman E. Daly, A Steady-State Economy, 2008 The case for guaranteed mutual benefit in international trade, and hence the reason for leaving it “free”, is based on Ricardo’s comparative advantage argument. A country is supposed to produce the goods that it produces more cheaply relative to other goods, than is the case in other countries. By specializing according to their comparative advantage both trading partners gain, regardless of absolute costs (one country could produce all goods more cheaply, but it would still benefit by specializing in what it produced relatively more cheaply and trading for other goods). This is logical, but like all logical arguments comparative advantage is based on premises. The key premise is that while capital (and other factors) moves freely between industries within a nation, it does not move between nations. If capital could move abroad it would have no reason to be content with a mere comparative advantage at home, but would seek absolute advantage—the absolutely lowest cost of production anywhere in the world. Why not? With free trade the product could be sold anywhere in the world, including the nation the capital just left. While there are certainly global gains from trade under absolute advantage there is no guarantee of mutual benefit. Some countries could lose. Now comes the problem. The IMF preaches free trade based on comparative advantage, and has done so for a long time. More recently the IMF has started preaching the gospel of globalization, which, in addition to free trade, means free capital mobility internationally – exactly what comparative advantage forbids! When confronted with this contradiction the IMF waves its hands, suggests that you might be a xenophobe, and changes the subject.

David Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817 Chapter 7 On Foreign Trade Under a system of perfectly free commerce, each country naturally devotes its capital and labour to such employments as are most beneficial to each. This pursuit of individual advantage is admirably connected with the universal good of the whole. By stimulating industry, by regarding ingenuity, and by using most efficaciously the peculiar powers bestowed by nature, it distributes labour most effectively and most economically: while, by increasing the general mass of productions, it diffuses general benefit, and binds together by one common tie of interest and intercourse, the universal society of nations throughout the civilized world. It is this principle which determines that wine shall be made in France and Portugal, that corn shall be grown in America and Poland, and that hardware and other goods shall be manufactured in England. In one and the same country, profits are, generally speaking, always on the same level; or differ only as the employment of capital may be more or less secure and agreeable. It is not so between different countries. If the profits of capital employed in Yorkshire, should exceed those of capital employed in London, capital would speedily move from London to Yorkshire, and an equality of profits would be effected; but if in consequence of the diminished rate of production in the lands of England, from the increase of capital and population, wages should rise, and profits fall, it would not follow that capital and population would necessarily move from England to Holland, or Spain, or Russia, where profits might be higher.

Hekšera-Olina teorija Hekšera-Olina teorija cenšas dot skaidrojumu alternatīvo izmaksu atšķirībai (kas ir pamatā tirdzniecības salīdzinošajai priekšrocībai). Skaidrojums (manuprāt) ir īsti Rikardo garā – alternatīvo izmaksu atšķirību pamatā ir resursu (darba, kapitāla un vides resursu) salīdzinošā deficīta pakāpe. Protams, kā jebkurš modelis, Hekšera-Olina teorija nesniedz simtprocentīgu skaidrojumu, jo katrā konkrētajā gadījumā ir milzum daudz dažādu citu faktoru, kas nosaka alternatīvo izmaksu atšķirību. Dažādas citas teorijas (piemēram, Gravity model – un varbūt arī Portera modelis?) izskaidro alternatīvo izmaksu atšķirību citus iemeslus.

Ļeontjeva paradokss 1953. gadā V.Ļeontjevs formulēja paradoksu – izņēmumu no vispārīgās likumsakarības, ko apraksta Hekšera-Olina teorija, attiecībā uz ASV. paradoxos (sengrieķu) ‘negaidīts’ - kaut kas tāds, kas ir pretrunā (dažkārt tikai šķietami) ar ko vispārpieņemtu, zināmu, neatbilst (dažkārt tikai ārēji) veselajam saprātam, ir neloģisks. (No Tildes datorvārdnīcas) Ļeontjeva paradokss nenozīmē to, ka Hekšera-Olina teorija ir nepareiza.

Par M.Portera konkurences priekšrocības (competitive advantage) teoriju Country-based or firm-based approach Nav pamata apšaubīt, ka Portera teorija izskaidro alternatīvo izmaksu (vai izmaksu vispār?) atšķirību starp firmām. Taču kā tādā gadījumā izmantot šo teoriju, lai izskaidrotu tirdzniecības izdevīgumu starpvalstu līmenī? Kritiķi norāda, ka Portera teorija kā starptautiskās tirdzniecības teorija būtu pareiza, ja visa pasaule būtu Amerikas Savienotās Valstis.

Nobeiguma tēze Globalizācijas apstākļos, kad nav šķēršļu resursu brīvai kustībai, tirdzniecības salīdzinošā priekšrocība neeksistē. Notiek resursu, tai skaitā darbaspēka kustība, veidojot “metropoles” un “provinces”, kā tas XX gadsimtā ir noticis valsts ietvaros. Latvijai Eiropas Savienībā ir tipiska provinces loma un nekādas “inovācijas” u.tml. šo situāciju nespēs mainīt. Vienīgā cerība ir globalizācijas krahs un nelielu, autarķisku ekonomiku veidošanās visā pasaulē, vai vismaz Eiropā.