P2 7.1 Nuclear reactions Some atoms have an unstable nucleus and need to get to a lower energy state. It can become stable by emitting Alpha, Beta or.

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Presentation transcript:

P2 7.1 Nuclear reactions Some atoms have an unstable nucleus and need to get to a lower energy state. It can become stable by emitting Alpha, Beta or gamma radiation. It “decays”.

The structure of the atom ELECTRON – negative, mass nearly nothing PROTON – positive, same mass as neutron (“1”) NEUTRON – neutral, same mass as proton (“1”)

The structure of the atom -1 Electron 1 Neutron Proton Relative Charge Relative Mass Particle MASS NUMBER = number of protons + number of neutrons He 2 4 PROTON NUMBER = number of protons (obviously)

Each isotope of oxygen has 8 protons An isotope is an atom with a different number of neutrons: Isotopes The mass number is different. How many neutrons does each isotope have? O 8 16 O 8 17 O 8 18 Each isotope of oxygen has 8 protons

ISOTOPES OF CARBON C C C 12 13 14 6 6 6

ISOTOPES OF CARBON C C C 12 13 14 6 6 6 Q1. How many protons does each carbon atom have? Q2. How many electrons does each carbon atom have? Q3 How many neutrons does each carbon atom have?

ISOTOPES OF CARBON C C C 12 13 14 6 6 6 Q1. How many protons does each carbon atom have? 6 Q2. How many electrons does each carbon atom have? Q3 How many neutrons does each carbon atom have?

ISOTOPES OF CARBON C C C 12 13 14 6 6 6 Q1. How many protons does each carbon atom have? 6 Q2. How many electrons does each carbon atom have? 6 Q3 How many neutrons does each carbon atom have?

ISOTOPES OF CARBON C C C 12 13 14 6 6 6 Q1. How many protons does each carbon atom have? 6 Q2. How many electrons does each carbon atom have? 6 Q3 How many neutrons does each carbon atom have? 6, 7, 8

Radioactivity electrons ? Isotopes of the same element always have the same number of in their nuclei, but they can have different numbers of . electrons ? protons ? neutrons?

C Carbon isotopes: eg carbon 12 carbon 14 12 14 6 protons & 8 neutrons 6 6 proton number C Some isotopes have unstable . Without warning the breaks up releasing , or radiation and possibly forms a new element. (nucleus, , , atoms)

+ Types of radiation  decay: P D He 1) Alpha () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus and emits an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons – the nucleus of a helium atom) Unstable nucleus New nucleus Alpha particle  decay: 200 196 4 100 98 2 P D + He

+ + Types of radiation  decay: P D He Th Ra He 1) Alpha () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus and emits an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons – the nucleus of a helium atom) Unstable nucleus New nucleus Alpha particle  decay: 200 196 4 100 98 2 P D + He Eg 1: 228 ... 4 90 ... 2 Th Ra + He

+ + Types of radiation  decay: P D He 224 Th Ra He 88 1) Alpha () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus and emits an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons – the nucleus of a helium atom) Unstable nucleus New nucleus Alpha particle  decay: 200 196 4 100 98 2 P D + He Eg 1: 228 4 90 2 224 Th Ra + He 88

+ Types of radiation  decay: P D  2) Beta () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus by changing a neutron into a proton and electron. The fast moving, high energy electron is called a beta particle. Beta particle New nucleus Unstable nucleus  decay: 200 200 0 100 101 -1 P D + 

+ + Types of radiation  decay: P D   K Ca 2) Beta () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus by changing a neutron into a proton and electron. The fast moving, high energy electron is called a beta particle. Beta particle New nucleus Unstable nucleus  decay: 200 200 0 100 101 -1 P D +  Eg 2: 40 ... 0 19 ... -1 K Ca + 

+ + Types of radiation  decay: P D   40 K Ca 20 2) Beta () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus by changing a neutron into a proton and electron. The fast moving, high energy electron is called a beta particle. Beta particle New nucleus Unstable nucleus  decay: 200 200 0 100 101 -1 P D +  Eg 2: 40 0 19 -1 40 K Ca +  20

Types of radiation 1) Alpha () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus and emits an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons – the nucleus of a helium atom) 3) Gamma – after  or  decay surplus energy is sometimes emitted. This is called gamma radiation and has a very high frequency with short wavelength. The nucleus is not changed. Unstable nucleus New nucleus Alpha particle Unstable nucleus New nucleus Gamma radiation 2) Beta () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus by changing a neutron into a proton and electron. The fast moving, high energy electron is called a beta particle. Beta particle New nucleus Unstable nucleus

Background radiation * This is ionising radiation from: cosmic rays (from outer space) 13 % X ray tubes 21% radon gas from granite rocks 16% food and drink 16% air 33% nuclear reactors leaking 0.1% nuclear weapons testing 0.4% Ionisation is the removal of an electron from an atom leaving it as a positively charged ion Experiment to measure Background count rate /min: *

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