Chapter 131 Properties of Solutions Chapter 13

2 Homework 13.10, 13.18, 13.26, 13.32, 13.44, 13.46, 13.48, 13.56

Chapter 133 The Solution Process Solution - A homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent. Solute – The substance which is dissolved. Solvent – The substance which acts as the dissolving medium.

Chapter 134 Saturated Solutions and Solubility Qualitative Terms: Dilute Solution – A solution in which additional solute may be dissolved. Saturated Solution – A solution in which no more solute may be dissolved. Supersaturated Solution – A solution in which more solute is dissolved than in a saturated solution. Solubility - amount of solute required to form a saturated solution. Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality

Chapter 135 Ways of Expressing Concentration

Chapter 136 Ways of Expressing Concentration

Chapter 137 Ways of Expressing Concentration Mole Fraction

Chapter 138 Ways of Expressing Concentration Molarity

Chapter 139 Ways of Expressing Concentration Molality (m) – moles of solute per kilogram of solvent Molality

Chapter 1310 Ways of Expressing Concentration Molality (m) – moles of solute per kilogram of solvent Molality

Chapter 1311 Factors Affecting Solubility Miscible liquids - Mix in any proportions. Immiscible liquids - Do not mix. Solute-Solvent Interactions

Chapter 1312 Factors Affecting Solubility “Like Dissolves Like” -Polar molecules will dissolve in polar solvents. -Non-polar molecules will dissolve in non-polar solvents. Solute-Solvent Interactions

Chapter 1313 Factors Affecting Solubility -Solubility of a gas in a liquid is a function of the pressure of the gas. -The higher the pressure, the greater the solubility. Pressure Effects

Chapter 1314 Factors Affecting Solubility Henry’s Law – The solubility of a gas increases in direct proportion to its partial pressure above the solution. Pressure Effects

Chapter 1315 Factors Affecting Solubility Henry’s Law – The solubility of a gas increases in direct proportion to its partial pressure above the solution. C g - solubility of gas P g - the partial pressure of the gas k - Henry’s law constant. Pressure Effects

Chapter 1316 Factors Affecting Solubility Temperature Effects

Chapter 1317 Factors Affecting Solubility Temperature Effects

Chapter 1318 Colligative Properties -Properties of a solution which depend on quantity of solute molecules. -Solutions formed with a nonvolatile solute will: -have lower vapor pressure -lower freezing point -higher boiling point

Chapter 1319 Colligative Properties Boiling-Point Elevation

Chapter 1320 Colligative Properties Raoult’s Law – The equilibrium vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution Raoult’s Law

Chapter 1321 Colligative Properties Raoult’s Law – The equilibrium vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution P A - vapor pressure of the solvent in the solution P A  - vapor pressure of the pure solvent  A - the mole fraction of solvent, A Raoult’s Law

Chapter 1322 Colligative Properties K b - Molal boiling-point elevation constant m – solution molality  T b – boiling point change Boiling-Point Elevation

Chapter 1323 Colligative Properties K f - Molal freezing-point depression constant m – solution molality  T f – freezing point change Freezing-Point Depression

Chapter 1324 Colligative Properties The net movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution. Osmosis

Chapter 1325 Colligative Properties Eventually the pressure difference between the arms stops osmosis. Osmosis

Chapter 1326 Colligative Properties Osmotic pressure(  ) - The pressure required to stop osmosis Osmosis

Chapter 1327 Colligative Properties Osmotic pressure(  ) - The pressure required to stop osmosis M - molarity of the solution R - gas constant ( L(atm)/mol(K)) T - temperature in Kelvin Osmosis

Chapter 1328 Colloids -Colloids are suspensions in which the suspended particles are larger than molecules but too small to drop out of the suspension due to gravity. -Particle size: 10 to 2000 Å.

Chapter 1329 Colloids Tyndall effect: ability of a Colloid to scatter light. The beam of light can be seen through the colloid.