INT 200: Global Capitalism and its Discontents The Global Economic Order

Bretton Woods System Expand international trade by removing these tariffs Create a stable money exchange system – Fixed exchange rate to the $US – $US pegged to the Gold Standard – Thus avoid the beggar-thy-neighbor policies by currency devaluations to increase competitiveness or reduce deficits => US$ reserve currency; 3rd World subordinate Institutions – International Monetary Fund (IMF) – World Bank (WB) – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), later the World Trade Organization (WTO)

International Monetary Fund Administered the international monetary system – approval for any change in exchange rates in excess of 1%; stabilize international exchange rates – facilitate development through the encouragement of liberalizing economic policies IMF supports members by providing – policy advice to governments and central banks – research, statistics, forecasts, and analysis based on tracking of global, regional, and individual economies and markets; – loans to help countries overcome economic difficulties; – concessional loans to help fight poverty in developing countries; and – assistance and training to countries to improve the management of their economies

World Bank official goal is the reduction of poverty – all of its decisions must be guided by a commitment to promote foreign investment, international trade and facilitate capital investment provide low-interest loans, interest-free credits and grants to developing countries for a wide array of purposes that include – investments in education; health; public administration; infrastructure; financial and private sector development; agriculture and environmental and natural resource management In 2010, voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries, notably China. – countries with most voting power are now the United States (15.85%), Japan (6.84%), China (4.42%), Germany (4.00%), the United Kingdom (3.75%), and France (3.75%)

World Trade Organization Originally, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – global trade organization charged with fashioning and enforcing multilateral trade agreements supervise and liberalize international trade – global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible

Bretton Woods Era Welfare State ensures citizens’ welfare in the face of the contingencies of life in modern, individualized, industrialized society – government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits – Social security, unemployment insurance, medicare, health insurance, education post-industrial society is the stage of society's development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy Bretton Woods: the golden age of controlled capitalism

Neo-Liberalism market is a self-regulating mechanism tending toward equilibrium of supply and demand and thus achieving the most efficient allocation of resources specific policies – privatization of public enterprises – deregulation of the economy – liberalization of trade and industry – massive tax cuts – monetarist measures to keep inflation in check – control on organized labor – reduction of public expenditures esp. social spending – downsizing government – expansion of international markets – removal of controls on global financial flows

The Washington Consensus Reforms required to receive loans from the WB and the IMF: – fiscal discipline and a curb to budget deficits – reduction in public spending – tax reform: a system with a broad base and effective enforcement – financial liberalization: with interest rates determined by the market – competitive exchange rates to assist export–led growth – trade liberalization, with abolition of import licensing and a reduction in tariffs – promotion of foreign direct investment – privatization of state enterprises – deregulation of the economy – protection of property rights

Consequences The imposition of a particular form of capitalism; is it a new form of colonialism? how do citizens view these policies? The Emergence of Global Capitalism – institutions of capitalism be introduced in the economics of all global participants – those participants allowed a wide range of economic interactions to take place between them\ Retreat is possible