Thread A thread represents an independent module of an application that can be concurrently execution With other modules of the application. MULTITHREADING multithreading represents concurrent execution of multiple thread. Multiple thread is a light weight version of multiprocessing is the way that less overhead incurred by the o/s in the management to thread as compared to processes.

Difference between multiprocessing and multithreading 1) in multiprocessing each process represents an independent application where as in multithreading each thread represents an independent module of an application. 2) in multithreading each process has its own address space where as in multithreading all the threads share common address space. Note: java.lang.Thread class provides functionality of defining a thread, starting a thread, suspending a thread, managing a thread. For each thread an object of thread class is created this object is used to manage the thread or to find out change the state of a thread.

Note: thread class object & thread are different. A thread class provides various methods most of these methods are final. 1) getName():- return a name of the thread. Syntax: public String getName(); 2) setName():- it gives name to thread. Syntax:public void setName(String name); 3)getpriority():- Syntax:public int getPriority(); 4) setpriority():- Syntax:public void setpriority();

MAX _PRIORITY 10 MIN_PRIORITY 1 DEFAULT PRIORITY OF A USER THREAD 5 Sleep():- it is used to suspend current thread for the specified type. Syntax: public static void sleep(Long milliseconds )throws Interrupted exception. isAlive():- returns a Boolean value that is true if thread represented by the thread object is in the memory otherwise returns false Syntax: public boolean isAlive();

run():- represents a thread that is instruction and run method are executed by the JVM as a thread. (it is non final method) Syntax:public void run(); Start():- it is responsible for starting the execution of a thread. Syntax: public void start(); STATES OF THREADS

nweInst ance() Runnable /ready to run running suspend ed Start (); Swaped states over Control is taken back from the thread by the scheduler Processor is alloted Thread is suspend ed Scheduling algo works here.

CurrentThread():- return the reference of the thread object for the currenrt thread. Syntax:public static thread currentThread(); Pgm1 Defining user thread: A user thread is represented by the run method, run method can be defined in the following two ways: 1)Define a sub class of thread and override run method. 2)Define a class that implements java.lang.Runnable interface & define its only method run(). Public interface Runnable { Void run(); } Note: thread class provides default implementation of runnable interface. pgm 2

Join():- join method of thread class is used to suspend the current thread till invoking thread terminates or current thread times out. Syntax: public void join() throws Interruptedexception; Public void join (long miliseconds)throws interruptedexception;

Execution of threads in java is asynchronous (can’t determine at which thread will executed at what time). Synchronization is desirable in multithreading to share a common resources b/w multithreads in a mutually exclusive manner. Synchronization is achieved with the help of monitor. A monitor represents an exclusive lock that is obtained on an object by thread before the synchronization method or synchronized block is executed.

In java implicit locking method is used. Synchronized keywords is provided to indicate that object must be locked exclusively before invoking a method or block of statement. A synchronization keyword can be used with method signature as well as can be used within a method to specifying locking for some statement. Syntax: synchronized acceessmodifier returntype mathodName(types arguments) With the help of synchronized keyword only mutual exclusivity of a shared resource can be determine. Sometimes order of usage of an object has to be determine. i.e. for example in a reader & writer problem apart from a mutual exclusivity of the common buffer. Order of usage by reader and writer threads has to be in a predetermine manner.

Inter thread communication Inter thread communication is used to gain exact control over the execution of threads.inter thread communication is facilitates with help of following methods 1) wait(); 2) notify(); notifyAll(); Wait():- a wait method is used to instruct the current thread to release all the locks held by it &to get suspended until some other thread invokes noytify() or notifyAll() methods by taking the lock on the same object. Syntax: public void wait()throws interrupted exception;

Notify():- it is used to invoke a thread that is suspended by invoking a wait method on itself. Syntax: public void notify(); notifyAll():- it is used to invoke all the threads that are suspended by wait method. Note: these methods are defined in object class.

Runnable Waiting for lock Running Sleeping for the specified time Wating for notification Waiting for joined thread for complete or time out. Block for I/O Switch Synchronized Method or some blockes exceuted

1. call sleep() method. 2. I/O is performed. 3. join() method call. 4. wait() method. 1.0 thread is interrupted. 1.1 specified time is over. 2.0 I/O operation is completed. 3.1 joined thread completed. 3.2 thread is interrupted. 4.1 thread is interrupted. 4.2 notification is received.

All thread have a Boolean variable name interrupted that is used by an application programmer to interrupt a thread. Value of interrupt flag is continuously check while a thread is an suspended state. If it set to true thread comes out the suspended pool & through interrupted exception. Following methods are used to set or obtain value of interrupted flag of a thread Interrupt():- sets the values of interrupted flag Public void interrupt();

isInterrupted():-it is used to obtain the value of interrupted flag Public Boolean isInterrupted(); Interrupted():- returns the current value of interrupted flag & reset it. Public static boolean interrupted(); Thread Group Java.lang.ThreadGroup class provides method to manage logically related threads –Commonly used methods of this class are:- interrupt():- interrupts all the active threads of the group. Public void interrupt();

activeCount():- returns number of active threads in the group. Public int activeCount(); activeThreads():-returns the reference of all the active threads of the group. Public Thread[] active thread(); Note: to make a thread a part of a group,Thread class provides following connstructor Public Thread(ThreadGroup group, String name) Public threadGroup(String name );

Daemon Threads It is a thread are special threads that does not compact for resources with normal threads i.e. a daemon threads is executed only if there is no normal thread in the runnable and running state. Daemon threads are used to provide services to normal threads. Garbage collection in java is an example of daemon thread. If at any point of time only daemon threads remaining as active thread then JVM aborts them & terminates i.e. a daemon thread can’t executed its own.it needs normal thread.

setDaemon():- it is used to make a thread daemon thread. Public void setDaemon(boolean flag); Note: setDaemon() method must be invoke before starting a thread. Yield():- it is used to voluntary release the control from a thread. Public void yield();