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Mohammed Almasabi, Hui Yang, Shane Thomas World Applied Sciences Journal 31 (9): ,

World Applied Sciences Journal Abstracting/Indexing : - ISCISC - EBSCO Inc. - CABI - ERA - CSA - FSTA - DOAJ - e-journals Database - Index Copernicus and many others 3

INTRODUCTION Accreditation is an essential part of quality systems. Health organizations have long considered the importance of assessing patient satisfaction as part of the accreditation process (e.g. JCAHO). accreditation has rarely been evaluated in terms of its impact on patient satisfaction specially in PHC services. In order to understand the relationship between accreditation and patient satisfaction, a review of the available evidence is essential. 4

MATERIALS AND METHODS Inclusion and exclusion criteria: - Studies which focused on accreditation of health organizations were included. - In addition, hospitals, clinics and other health organizations were included. - Studies evaluating the relationship between accreditation and patient satisfaction were incorporated. - However, studies which presented data which had no specific information on the relationship between patient satisfaction and accreditation were excluded. 5

Search Strategy: - A comprehensive search of four electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE and PUBMED) was conducted. - A combination of two keywords, “accreditation” and “patient satisfaction” were utilized. - The focus of the research was restricted to publications in English. - Two hundred and twenty articles met the initial search criteria and were identified as potentially eligible for inclusion in the review. - Finally, the twenty articles were included in this review 6

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1. Did the review address a clearly focused question? HINT: An issue can be “focused” in terms of - the population studied - the intervention given - the outcome considered 2. Did the authors look for the appropriate sort of papers? HINT: The “best sort of studies” would - address the review's question - have an appropriate study design (usually RCTs for papers evaluating interventions) 8

3. Do you think the important, relevant studies were included? - which bibliographic databases were used - follow up from reference lists - personal contact with experts - search for unpublished as well as published studies - search for non-English language studies 4. Did the review’s authors do enough to assess the quality of the included studies? The authors need to consider the rigour of the studies they have identified. 9

5. If the results of the review have been combined, was it reasonable to do so? HINT: Consider whether - the results were similar from study to study - the results of all the included studies are clearly displayed - the results of the different studies are similar - the reasons for any variations in results are discussed 10

RESULTS Study Characteristics: - Seven studies were conducted in the United States. Two studies were conducted in each of the following countries: Germany and Australia. The remaining eight countries all had one study; the United Kingdom; France; Ireland; Saudi Arabia; Egypt; Taiwan; Malaysia; and South Africa; and Europe. - Most of the studies selected (13/20) use quantitative methods (questionnaires or databases). Three studies were qualitative (interview) and one study used mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative). 11

The results of the articles are presented below, under three headings: comparison of patient satisfaction in accredited and non-accredited healthcare organizations, comparison before and after accreditation and consumer involvement.  Comparing Accredited and Non-accredited Healthcare Organizations: - Half of the identified studies (10/20) compared measures of patient satisfaction with the care received in accredited and non-accredited healthcare organizations. - Most of studies found no difference between accredited and non-accredited healthcare organizations. 12

- For example, in the United States, a study [6] compared patient-reported measures of quality and satisfaction with accredited and non- accredited health plans and found that it was not possible to differentiate between them. - Beaulieu et al’s findings were supported by other studies [7-11]. - In addition, accreditation was not linked to measurable better quality of care standards, as perceived by patients and may not be the key factor in a patient’s willingness to recommend a healthcare service [12]. 13

- Only three studies established a positive relationship between accreditation and patient satisfaction. - Two of these studies were conducted in Middle Eastern countries. - For example, an Egyptian study [13] found that accreditation had short-term positive effects. However, this short-term effect occurred within the first year after the healthcare organization gained accreditation and this may limits the veracity of this study. Moreover, this study was conducted in health units as opposed to hospitals, which tend to be much larger and more complex, so its results cannot be considered broadly applicable. 14

Similarly, in Saudi Arabia, a study [14] found that patients in accredited hospitals were more satisfied overall than those in non-accredited hospitals. However, the same study found that patients in non-accredited hospitals were more satisfied with laboratory department than those in accredited ones. The importance of this study is limited by a small sample size. The third study, conducted in the United States, found that accredited sleep centers achieved greater satisfaction ratings from patient than non- accredited centers [15]. 15

 Compare Patient Satisfaction Before and after Accreditation: - Two studies examined patient satisfaction before and after accreditation. In the United Kingdom a study [16] found no difference in patient satisfaction before and after accreditation, while in the United States, before and after accreditation, while in the United States, a study [17] found an upward trend. However the upward trend was within a relatively narrow range.  Patient Involvement and Accreditation Scores: - Some programs use patient surveys and the involvement of patients as part of the accreditation process. 16

- For example, a study found that patient surveys had no impact on accreditation decisions [18]. Accreditation was not related to consumer involvement [19]. However, a study in Ireland found the involvement of consumer surveyors was successful [20], but the author argued that the role and level of this involvement needed to be reexamined. - In France, a study [21] compared patients’ and health professionals’ views about compliance with accreditation standards, finding that there were correlations between the order in which satisfaction was ranked for the two groups, with no statistically significant differences. 17

- The relationship between accreditation scores and patient satisfaction ratings were examined and no association was identified between them [22]. - Similarly, no relationship between hospital accreditation status and patient satisfaction was found [23]. - A survey of patients during accreditation showed that patients scored doctors’ interpersonal skills more highly than practice issues (access, availability and information availability) [24]. - In Taiwan, a study found that despite high levels of patient satisfaction, health care providers did not receive a higher number of recommendations from their patients [25]. 18

6. What are the overall result of the reviews? HINT: Consider - if you are clear about the review’s ‘bottom line’ results: - what these are (numerically if appropriate) - how were the results expressed (NNT, odds ratio etc.) 7. How precise are the results? HINT: Look at the confidence intervals, if given 19

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Although accreditation programs are designed to improve quality of care [26] and hence patient satisfaction, the principal finding of this review is that no significant relationship between accreditation and patient satisfaction is identifiable from the literature. This is probably because accreditation standards focus primarily on structures and processes of care rather than outcomes [27] ; in effect, the target of accreditation is less visible to patients [28]. 20

In isolation, patient satisfaction may not be a useful measure of the impact of accreditation programs. Accreditation is a complex system [28], so a multi- method approach is required to provide rigorous results. Ultimately, patient satisfaction will inevitably drive the health care provider organizations [23]. Patient satisfaction should be on the agenda in order to improve accreditation programs. To conclude, the comprehensive search presented in this review indicates that the current literature provides no consistent evidence of a positive relationship between healthcare accreditation and patient satisfaction. 21

8. Can the results be applied to the local population? HINT: Consider whether - the patients covered by the review could be sufficiently different to your population to cause concern - your local setting is likely to differ much from that of the review 9. Were all important outcomes considered? 10. Are the benefits worth the harms and costs? Even if this is not addressed by the review, what do you think? 22

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