Bio-Controls: Bacterial Infection Fundamentals By Ryan Murray

Crops decimated by Pythium (Stietsma, 1973) Need Crops decimated by Pythium (Stietsma, 1973)

Need Corn Fields killed by Stewarts

Former Methods of Control DDT Dioxin (Agent Orange)

Bio Controls Espinoza (2006) and Garsney (2001)

Purpose Alternate Hypotheses Finding bio controls- fight off diseases and pests Alternate Hypotheses 1.If Soybean Plants exposed to Pythium and Fusarium are treated with P.Putida, Fungal Mycelium, and S. griesevoridis, the infections will decrease 2. If soybean plants exposed to Root Knot Nematodes are treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, the infestation will decrease.

Pythium Root Rot (Gubler, 1999) (Shapiro, 2002)

Lit Review (Sietsma,1973) Wall structure and Growth in Pythium Bacterial Infection. Cambridge University Press Fungal Mycelium

Fusarium (Ajello,1979)

Lit Review (Tari,1988) Fusarium Wilt Suppression and Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida. Appl Environ Microbiol. August 1988 Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. 2003. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press .

Root Knot Nematodes Ester (2003) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stanley R. Johnson, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Ames, Iowa. Rhabditid Nematode attacking root knots Root- Knot Nematodes

Stewart’s Disease (Munkvold, 2000) (Stevens-Boewe, 2006)

Pseudomonas Putida (Kachlany, 2002)

S. griseoviridis Against resident levels of Fusarium-reduced Fusarium infection by 16%

Similarity SOYBEAN PLANTS Distinct similarities between the three diseases. SOYBEAN PLANTS Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses (Domier, 2009)

METHODOLOGY N= 50 Soybean Plants N=10 Exposed to Pythium N=10 Exposed to Fusarium N=10 Exposed to Stewart’s (rootknots) N=10 Exposed to Root Knots (No Stewarts) N=10 Control Treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Treated with P.putida, Fungal Mycelium and S. griseoviridis Time = 30 days Measurements taken using Diluting Fluid (measuring volume of bacterial infection) and Leaf health scale SPPS Statistical Analysis by ANOVA comparing the various bio controls to the control followed by Sheffe Post Hoc Test where p<.05

Protocols for Bacteria All strains must be kept isolated from one another to avoid contamination Plants infected by injection or pin-prick method Root Knots exposed to Stewarts by ingestion in medium

Budget Plan Vendor Order Number Quant Description Price Carolina Online 155265 1 Pseudomonas Putida, Living tube $9.20 Carolina NP-15-6033 Fusarium Oxysporum Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang Root Knot Nematodes 593120 Walter QZG Zoom Stereomicroscope $519.00 BD CATALOG 442104 Diluting fluid- used to count Bacteria 721169 Pyrex® Vista™ Test Tubes 50 count $14.50 Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita 158443 Bean, Soy, Viable Seed, 1 lb $8.75 Still Searching Fungal Mycelium

Do- Ability Pythium, Fusarium, and Root Knots obtainable by online and collegiate sources P.Putida, Mycelium, S. griseoviridis, and Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita; available online at Carolina and at other sources

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