AP Biology Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy Adapted from Ms. Lisa Miller’s AP Biology Notes.
AP Biology Harvesting Stored Energy Energy is stored in organic molecules. Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 Heterotrophs eat food (organic molecules). Digest organic molecules: serve as raw materials for building & fuels for energy. Controlled release of energy: series of step-by-step enzyme- controlled reactions.
AP Biology Harvesting Energy Stored in Glucose Glucose is the ideal molecule. Catabolism of glucose to produce ATP. glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP heat CO 2 + H 2 O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) combustion = making heat energy by burning fuels in one step respiration = making ATP (& less heat) by burning fuels in many small steps ATP CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP (+ heat) respiration
AP Biology adenine 3 Phosphate groups ribose Cell Energy: needed for active transport, making proteins and nucleic acids, chemical signals. Cells usable source of energy – ATP. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate.
AP Biology All energy is stored in the bonds of the compound. Breaking the bond releases energy. When cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP.
AP Biology
Stage 1 Glycolysis: Breaking Down Glucose “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar) Most ancient form of energy capture. Starting point for all cellular respiration. Occurs with or without oxygen. Inefficient: generates only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose. Location: in the cytoplasm. glucose pyruvate 2x2x 6C3C
AP Biology Glycolysis Summary Invest some ATP Harvest a little more ATP and a NADH (electron carrier). ***NADH accepts a hydrogen (which has an electron) from glucose.
AP Biology Pyruvate is a Branching Point Pyruvate O2O2 O2O2 Kreb’s Cycle in Mitochondria Rermentation
AP Biology Don’t forget the Mito! Double membrane Outer membrane Inner membrane highly folded cristae* fluid-filled space between membranes = intermembrane space Matrix (Kreb’s here!) central fluid-filled space * form fits function!
AP Biology 4C6C4C 2C6C5C4C CO 2 citrate acetyl CoA Stage 2: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) x2x2 3C pyruvate NADH FADH 2 NADH ATP This happens twice for each glucose! Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and requires oxygen. ***First: pyruvate broken down into acetyl CoA.
AP Biology Krebs cycle produces: 8 NADH 2 FADH 2 2 ATP Let’s go to ETC… NADH & FADH 2 What’s so important about NADH?
AP Biology So why the Krebs cycle? If the yield is only 2 ATP, then why? Value of NADH & FADH 2 Electron carriers (electron in hydrogen atom from pyruvate molecules). Molecules store energy! Used in the Electron Transport Chain (stage 3).
AP Biology ATP accounting so far… Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! Why stop here… There’s got to be more to life than this.
AP Biology Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain Last stop and most important! Series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane mostly transport (integral) proteins Transport of electrons down ETC linked to ATP synthesis. Yields ~34 ATP from 1 glucose! Only in presence of O 2 (aerobic) That sounds more like it!
AP Biology Electron Transport Chain
AP Biology Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle 2 NADH 8 NADH 2 FADH 2 Remember the NADH?
AP Biology NADH Passes Electrons to ETC H cleaved off NADH & FADH 2. Electrons stripped from H atoms H + (H ions). Electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in mitochondrial membrane (ETC). Transport proteins in membrane pump H + across inner membrane to intermembrane space (creates a gradient).
AP Biology But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC? electrons flow downhill to O 2
AP Biology Why the build up H + ? ATP Synthase: enzyme in inner membrane of mitochondria. ADP + P i ATP Channel permeable to H +. H + flow down concentration gradient = provides energy for ATP synthesis. Molecular power generator! Powers bonding of P i to ADP.
AP Biology Summary of cellular respiration Where did the glucose come from? Where did the O 2 come from? Where did the CO 2 come from? Where did the H 2 O come from? Where did the ATP come from? What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? Why do we breathe? C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O~36 ATP +++
AP Biology Taking it beyond… What is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain? O2O2 So what happens if O 2 unavailable? ETC backs up ATP production ceases cells run out of energy and you die!
AP Biology What if you do not have oxygen? FERMENTATION
AP Biology Anaerobic Fermentation Bacteria, yeast 1C 3C2C pyruvate ethanol + CO 2 Animals, some fungi pyruvate lactic acid 3C beer, wine, bread at ~12% ethanol, kills yeast cheese, yogurt, anaerobic exercise (no O 2 ) NADHNAD + NADHNAD +
AP Biology Lactic Acid Fermentation No oxygen, so glycolysis is the only step performed. NADH NAD +. Pyruvate lactic acid Example: human muscle cells. Alcohol Fermentation No oxygen, so glycolysis is the only step performed. NADH NAD +. Pyruvate ethanol and carbon dioxide. Example: Bacteria and yeast.