Islam and the Early Caliphates

The Arabian Peninsula Pre-Islam mostly nomadic tribes (Bedouins)mostly nomadic tribes (Bedouins) Tribes often foughtTribes often fought Worshiped a large variety of godsWorshiped a large variety of gods Took pride in oral traditions/group loyaltyTook pride in oral traditions/group loyalty TRADERS (Muhammad was a merchant)TRADERS (Muhammad was a merchant)

Abraham’s Genealogy ABRAHAM SARAH HAGAR Isaac Esau Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes

The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

Mecca Major trading/religious cityMajor trading/religious city Importance of the KaabaImportance of the Kaaba located between Byzantine and Sassanid Empirelocated between Byzantine and Sassanid Empire

The Messenger Muhammad ( C.E.)Muhammad ( C.E.) Retreats and revelationsRetreats and revelations Famous text: QuranFamous text: Quran Rejection of the Kaaba’s godsRejection of the Kaaba’s gods Growing movement towards Allah/Yahweh as deity #1!Growing movement towards Allah/Yahweh as deity #1! Followers were kicked out of town (the Hijra)Followers were kicked out of town (the Hijra)

Quran Holy book of IslamHoly book of Islam Called for a creation of a new society (Umma) based on justiceCalled for a creation of a new society (Umma) based on justice

The Five Pillars of Islam

1. The Shahada 1 1  The declaration of faith: There is no god except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger. There is no god except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger.

2. The Salat 2 2  Prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed  Wash before praying.  Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat (continued) 2 2  The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.  Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat 3 3  Almsgiving (charitable donations).  About 2.5% of your wealth.

4. The Sawm 4 4  Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.  No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

5. The Hajj 5 5  The pilgrimage to Mecca.  Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.  2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

PilPil Pilgrims On The Road to And Camped Outside of Mecca

The Dar al-Islam: The Unity found across Muslim areas supported by common practice The Dar al-Islam: The Unity found across Muslim areas supported by common practice The World of Islam

Muslims in the World Today

Countries with the Largest Muslim Population 1.Indonesia230,000,0006.Iran62,000,000 2.Pakistan134,000,0007.Egypt59,000,000 3.India121,000,0008.Nigeria53,000,000 4.Bangladesh114,000,0009.Algeria31,000,000 5.Turkey66,000,00010.Morocco29,000,000 * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

In What region of the world do the largest number of Muslims live? a.Europe b.North Africa c.The Middle East d.South and Southeast Asia e.Sub-Saharan Africa

The Spread of Islam  Easy to learn and practice.  No priesthood.  Teaches equality.  Follow one law; The Sharia  Non-Muslims allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.  Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes.  The Weakness of nearby empires (Byzantine & Persian) allowed conquest

Arab Empire: Early Years  Muhammad’s death caused division – who should lead?  Abu Bakr elected ( )  Goal of conquest brings the umma together

Motives for Conquest  United  Distraction from internal fighting  Promised a share of the booty  AVOIDED mass conversions  so they wouldn’t have to share their booty  so they could tax subjects at higher rates

Chart Time! Instructions: Make a Venn Diagram with at least three examples of how Islam spread by way of social, religious, and military factors (at least one of each).Instructions: Make a Venn Diagram with at least three examples of how Islam spread by way of social, religious, and military factors (at least one of each).