Slide 12-1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.  模型目的：確認模型目的。  內生變數：依據模型目的選擇最重要的兩個變數為內 生變數，並置於圖形之兩軸。  行為法則：觀察經濟行為人之行為法則，找出前述兩 個內生變數間之關係或寫出經濟行為方程 式，藉以畫出圖形中之曲線。因此，兩個 內生變數的關係為線上點的移動。  均衡：依據前述行為法則所求導出之曲線，找出模型 的均衡。 學習經濟模型五步驟

Slide 12-2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.  外生衝擊：整條線之移動。 判斷是否為外生變數改變？ – 外生變數：經濟行為方程式中內生變數以外 之變數。 判斷此外生變數之改變將影響哪些行為法則。 ( 造成模型中哪些曲線移動 ) ？ 判斷此外生變數之改變造成行為法則何種影響。 ( 模型中之曲線往哪個方向移動 ) ？ 學習經濟模型五步驟

Chapter 12 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments Prepared by Iordanis Petsas To Accompany International Economics: Theory and Policy International Economics: Theory and Policy, Sixth Edition by Paul R. Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld

Slide 12-4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Organization  Introduction  The National Income Accounts  National Income Accounting for an Open Economy  The Balance of Payment Accounts  Summary

Slide 12-5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction  Microeconomics It studies the effective use of scarce resources from the perspective of individual firms and consumers.  Macroeconomics It studies how economies’ overall levels of employment, production, and growth are determined. It emphasizes four aspects of economic life: –Unemployment –Saving –Trade imbalances –Money and the price level

Slide 12-6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.  The national income accounts and the balance of payments accounts are essential tools for studying the macroeconomics of open, interdependent economies.  National income accounting Records all the expenditures that contribute to a country’s income and output  Balance of payments accounting Helps us keep track of both changes in a country’s indebtedness to foreigners and the fortunes of its export- and import-competing industries Introduction

Slide 12-7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. The National Income Accounts  Gross national product (GNP) The value of all final goods and services produced by a country’s factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period It is the basic measure of a country’s output.

Slide 12-8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.  GNP is calculated by adding up the market value of all expenditures on final output: Consumption –The amount consumed by private domestic residents Investment –The amount put aside by private firms to build new plant and equipment for future production Government purchases –The amount used by the government Current account balance –The amount of net exports of goods and services to foreigners The National Income Accounts

Slide 12-9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. The National Income Accounts Figure 12-1: U.S. GNP and Its Components, 2000

Slide 12-10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.  National Product and National Income National Income –It is earned over a period by its factors of production. –It must equal the GNP a country generates over some period of time. –One person’s spending is another’s income (i.e., total spending must equal total income). The National Income Accounts

Slide 12-11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.  Capital Depreciation, International Transfers, and Indirect Business Taxes Adjustments to the definition of GNP: –Depreciation of capital –It reduces the income of capital owners. –It must be subtracted from GNP (to get the net national product). –Net unilateral transfers of income –They are part of a country’s income but are not part of its product. –They must be added to the net national product. –Indirect business taxes –They are sales taxes. –They must be subtracted from GNP. The National Income Accounts

Slide 12-12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) It measures the volume of production within a country’s borders. It equals GNP minus net receipts of factor income from the rest of the world. It does not correct for the portion of countries’ production carried out using services provided by foreign-owned capital. The National Income Accounts