Kinesiology for Manual Therapies Chapter 2 Neuromuscular Fundamentals McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Learning Outcomes 2-1 Review the basic anatomy and function of the muscular and nervous systems. 2-2 Identify terminology used to describe muscular locations, arrangements, characteristics, and roles, as well as neuromuscular functions. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Learning Outcomes 2-3 List the different types of muscle contractions and the factors involved in each. 2-4 Define neuromuscular concepts in relation to how muscles function in joint movement and work together to achieve motion. 2-5 Describe the neural control mechanisms for movement. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Introduction Muscle contraction produces the force that causes joint movement. Muscles provide protection, contribute to posture, and support and produce a major portion of body heat. There are more than 600 skeletal muscles. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Introduction (cont.) Aggregate muscle action – muscles work in groups to achieve joint movement McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Muscle Nomenclature Shape, size, number of divisions Muscles are named for: Shape, size, number of divisions Direction of fibers, location, points of attachment Action, action and shape, action and size Shape and location, location and attachment Location and number of divisions McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement Skeletal muscles may be grouped in two major types of fiber arrangements: parallel and pennate. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement Parallel muscles have fibers arranged parallel to the length of the muscle and are categorized into shape. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement (cont.) Parallel muscles include: Flat Fusiform Strap Radiate Sphincter McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement (cont.) Classification of Muscles McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement (cont.) Pennate muscles have shorter fibers that are arranged obliquely similar to a feather. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement (cont.) Pennate muscles are categorized on the basis of the exact arrangement between the fibers and the tendon: Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Muscle-Tissue Properties Skeletal muscle tissue has four properties related to its ability to produce force and movement about the joints. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Muscle-Tissue Properties (cont.) Irritability Contractibility Extensibility Elasticity McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Muscle Terminology Intrinsic Gaster Extrinsic Tendon Action Origin Innervation Insertion Amplitude McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

The Muscular System Anterior View McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

The Muscular System (cont.) Posterior View McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Contraction: The Sliding-Filament Theory Myofilaments in muscle do not shorten during a contraction, but thin filaments slide over thick ones and pull the Z disks behind them. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Contraction: The Sliding-Filament Theory (cont.) McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Types of Muscle Contractions (Actions) Isometric – static contractions Isotonic – dynamic contractions McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Types of Muscle Contractions (Actions) Isotonic contractions Concentric - shortening Eccentric - lengthening McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Types of Muscle Contractions (Actions) (cont.) Roles of Muscles Agonists, Antagonists, Stabilizers, Synergists, and Neutalizers McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Tying Roles of Muscles All Together Actions of muscles that are performed depend on several factors, such as the motor units activated, joint position, muscle length, and relative contraction or relaxation of other muscles acting on the joint. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Tying Roles of Muscles All Together (cont.) Agonist muscles are primarily responsible for a given movement. Antagonist muscles must perform the opposing action. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Tying Roles of Muscles All Together McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Determination of Muscle Action The specific action of a muscle may be determined through a variety of methods. Lines of pull, anatomical dissection, palpation, models, electromyography, and electrical stimulation McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Determination of Muscle Action Lines of Pull Combining the knowledge of a particular joint’s functional design and the specific location of a musculotendinous unit as it crosses a joint is extremely helpful in understanding the muscle’s action on the joint. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Determination of Muscle Action Lines of Pull (cont.) The following factors will help the student understand the line of pull: Bony landmarks Planes of motion Axes of rotation Ability of the line of pull to change McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Determination of Muscle Action Lines of Pull (cont.) Other muscles contraction or relaxation Muscle length-tension relationship Biarticular or multiarticular muscles The direction of the fibers of muscles McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neural Control of Voluntary Movement All voluntary movement is the result of the muscular and nervous system working together. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neural Control of Voluntary Movement (cont.) Five levels of control: Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Cerebellum Brainstem Spinal cord McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neural Control of Voluntary Movement (cont.) PNS – peripheral nervous system Sensory and motor divisions Spinal nerves McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neural Control of Voluntary Movement (cont.) The spinal nerve roots and plexuses McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neural Control of Voluntary Movement (cont.) Dermatome Myotome Neurons McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Proprioception and Kinesthesis Proprioceptors are internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons that provide feedback relative to tension, length, contraction of muscles, position of body, and movement of joints. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Proprioception and Kinesthesis (cont.) Muscle spindles Stretch reflex Golgi tendon organ McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Proprioception and Kinesthesis (cont.) Muscle spindles McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Proprioception and Kinesthesis (cont.) The patellar tendon reflex arc McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Proprioception and Kinesthesis (cont.) A Golgi tendon organ McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neuromuscular Concepts All-or-none principle - the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.) Factors affecting muscle tension development include the action potential, subthreshold stimulus, threshold stimulus, and the submaximal stimuli. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.) Treppe is another type of muscle contraction that occurs when multiple maximal stimuli are provided at a low-enough frequency to allow complete relaxation between contractions. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.) Muscle length-tension relationship - The maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension and exert force varies depending on the length of the muscle during contraction. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.) Muscle length-tension relationship McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.) Muscle force-velocity relationship – When the muscle is either concentrically or eccentrically contracting, the rate of length change is significantly related to the amount of force potential. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.) Angle of pull is defined as the angle between the line of pull of the muscle and the bone on which it inserts. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.) Uniarticular, biarticular, and multiarticular muscles Reciprocal inhibition Active and passive insufficiency McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Review the chapter summary for highlights of chapter content. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

The questions are designed for the students to test their knowledge. Chapter Review The Chapter Review is divided into true and false, short answers, and multiple choice questions. The questions are designed for the students to test their knowledge. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Explore and Practice Various levels of practice are explored with lab questions and charts to help review the material from this chapter. McGraw-Hill © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved