Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1.

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Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Advance Biochemistry Isfahan University of Technology Part 1: Carbohydrates Prepared by: Dr A. Riasi ( Isfahan University of Technology) Reference: Lehninger Biochemistry Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Introduction Importance of carbohydrates: Photosynthesis Dietary staple: sugar and starch Oxidation: energy-yielding pathway Structural and protective elements Lubricate skeletal joints Recognition and adhesion between cells Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Introduction (Continue) Many, but not all, carbohydrates have the empirical formula (CH2O)n. There are three major size classes of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Introduction (Continue) Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Monosaccharide characteristics: Consist of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit. Many of the carbon atoms to which hydroxyl groups are attached are chiral centers. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Monosaccharides are colorless, crystalline solids. In the open-chain form, one of the carbon atoms is double-bonded to an oxygen atom. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Monosaccharides are aldose or ketose Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Monosaccharides with three, four, five, six, and seven carbon atoms in their backbones: Triose Tetroses Pentoses Hexoses Heptoses Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides The hexoses are the most common monosaccharides in nature. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides All the monosaccharides except dihydroxyacetone contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides The simplest aldose, glyceraldehyde, contains one chiral center and therefore has two different optical isomers, or enantiomers. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides In general, a molecule with n chiral centers can have 2n stereoisomers. Glyceraldehyde has 21 = 2; the aldohexoses, with four chiral centers, have 24 = 16 stereoisomers. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Some sugars occur naturally in their L form: L-arabinose L isomers of some sugar derivatives that are common components of glycoconjugates. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides The formation of ring structures form: Hemiacetals hemiketals Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides The α and β anomers of D-glucose interconvert in aqueous solution by a process called mutarotation. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Ketohexoses also occur in α and β anomeric forms. D-Fructose readily forms the furanose ring the more common anomer of this sugar in combined forms or in derivatives is β-D-fructofuranose. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Monosaccharides and Disacacharides Two conformations of a molecule are interconvertible without the breakage of covalent bonds Two configurations can be interconverted only by breaking a covalent bond for example, in the case of α and β configurations, the bond involving the ring oxygen atom. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms There are a number of sugar derivatives in which a hydroxyl group in the parent compound is replaced with another substituent or the carbon atom is oxidized to a carboxyl group. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms Different derivatives of hexoses: Containing an amine group (-NH2) Containing a N-acetyl group (-NH-CO-CH3) Containing an acid lactic and an amine group or a N-actyl group Containing a methyl group (-CH3) Containing a carboxyl group (-COO-) Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms Replacing the hydroxyl group with an amino group. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms Bacterial cell walls contain a derivative of glucosamine. OH Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated OH

Hexose derivatives in organisms The substitution of a hydrogen hydroxyl group at C-6 of L-galactose or L-mannose produces L-fucose or L-rhamnose, respectively. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms Oxidation of the carbonyl (aldehyde) carbon of glucose, galactose, or mannose forms the corresponding aldonic acids: Gluconic acid Galactonic acid Manonic acid Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms Monosaccharides can be oxidized by mild oxidizing agents such as ferric (Fe 3+) or cupric (Cu2+) ion. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms Oxidation of the carbon at the other end of the carbon chain (C-6) of glucose, galactose, or mannose forms the corresponding uronic acid: Glucuronic Galacturonic Mannuronic acid Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms The acidic glucose derivatives are: Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms In addition to previous mentioned acidic hexose derivatives, there is a nine-carbon acidic sugar: Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms In bacterial systems an enzyme uses a mannose derivative as a substrate, inserting three carbons from pyruvate into the resulting sialic acid structure. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms In the synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, the intermediates are very often not the sugars themselves but their phosphorylated derivatives. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Disaccharides contain a glycosidic bond Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined covalently by an O-glycosidic bond.

Disaccharides contain a glycosidic bond

Hexose derivatives in organisms Nonreducing disaccharides are named as glycosides; in this case, the positions joined are the anomeric carbons. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated

Hexose derivatives in organisms

Hexose derivatives in organisms Trehalose, Glc(1 1)Glc is a disaccharide of D-glucose that, like sucrose, is a nonreducing sugar. It is a major constituent of the circulating fluid (hemolymph) of insects, serving as an energy storage compound. Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1 to C18:0. Linear increase in Trans C18:1 is naother indication that the SBO was rapidlt hydrolyzed then hydrogenated