(Potentials and advancements) Submitted to - Presented by- Mrs. Neeta Nain Vikas Kumar Khichar Mrs. Namita Mittal 2008ucp149 1 VI Semester(CP-2)

2 DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is a primary genetic material in living cells. Its structure has two strands that run in opposite direction to each other. Basic pair Adenine(A) pairs with Thymine(T) Guanine(G) pairs with Cytosine(C) (Source-Google Images and Wikipedia)

A Bio-molecular (DNA computer )is a molecular computer that works biochemically. It “computes” using enzymes that react with DNA strands, causing chain reactions. The chain reactions act as a kind of simultaneous computing or parallel processing. DNA computing is utilizing the property of DNA for massively parallel computation. 3 Source-Research paper by Leonard M. Adlemann

4 Sequence to indicate the start of an instruction Instructions are coded in a sequence of the DNA bases A segment of DNA is exposed, transcribed and translated to carry out instructions Source-Google Images and Wikipedia

Silicon processors has limited speed Limits of Miniaturization of circuits Moore’s Law Scientist found DNA has capability to be used to build a computer Vast availability of Raw Material 5

In 1994, Leonard Adleman (also called ‘Father of DNA Computing’), scientist at the University of California, introduced the idea of using DNA to solve complex mathematical problems. He used DNA to solve the extremely complex Hamilton Path Problem(or “The Travelling Salesman Problem”) In 2002, researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, unveiled a programmable molecular computing machine composed of enzymes and DNA molecules instead of silicon microchips 6 Source-BBC World Service/Science

7 Los Angeles (GCTACG) Chicago (CTAGTA) Dallas (TCGTAC) Miami (CTACGG) New York (ATGCCG)

Los Angeles Chicago 8 GCTACGCTAGTA TGC GAT Los Angeles-Chicago

L.A. C ChicagoN.Y.MiamiDallas L.A-ChicagoChicago-N.YN.Y-MiamiMiami-Dallas GCTACG CTAGTAATGCCG CTACGGTCGTAC TGCGAT CATTAC GGCGAT GCCAGC Flight path to Los Angeles – Dallas covering all other cities at most once: One possible answer may be: TGCGAT CATTAC GGCGAT GCCAGC 9 Source-Research paper by Leonard M. Adlemann

10 This image shows 1 gram of DNA on a CD. The CD can hold 800 MB of data. The 1 gram of DNA can hold about 1x10 14 MB of data. With bases spaced at 0.35 nm along DNA, data density is over a million Gbits/inch compared to 7 Gbits/inch in typical high performance HDD. Source-Google &

Logic gate (“And Gate”) : Developed at University of Rochester Made up of DNA instead of Silicon Biochip : Logic gates can be combined with DNA micro chip to make Bio Chip 11 Sources- Image-Google Images, Wikipedia(An Encyclopedia)

12 Source-Google Images

13 Parallel Computing Incredibly light weight Low power Solves Complex Problems quickly Millions of operations simultaneously Generate potential solutions Efficiently handle massive amounts of working memory Source- Magazine (Information Technology)

Cellular supply of DNA make it a cheap resource. One pound DNA capacity is to high Made very cleanly. Many time smaller than silicon 10 trillion DNA molecules can fit into 1 cubic centimeter, able to hold 10 terabyte of data and perform 10 trillion calculation at a time. 14 Source-computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer1.htm

First developed DNA computer is so far from silicon-based computer in terms of overall speed(If we include all the processes) It takes few days to narrow down possibilities. It needs constant human assistance 15 Source-Research paper by Leonard M. Adlemann

Gene analysis Useful to Government to break secret codes To Airlines to map efficient routes To understand about human Brain – the natural Super Computer 16 Source-computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer1.htm

Future is very bright in the field of solving complex problems(Where conventional silicon computers fail due to lack of parallel computing power) If research gets successful, it will eliminate the Silicon based Super Computers. More powerful DNA computers are likely to be introduced very soon. Bio-Computers will redefine boundaries of Computer Science. 17

But…Let’s all hope that this DREAM comes true!!! 18

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