11-1 Economics: Theory Through Applications

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11-3 Chapter 11 Raising the Wage Floor

11-4 Learning Objectives What is the difference between the real minimum wage and the nominal minimum wage? What determines the equilibrium real wage and the level of employment? What happens when a government imposes a minimum wage? If there is inflation under a minimum wage system, what happens to the level of employment?

Learning Objectives What are the efficiency costs of a minimum wage? What happens to the levels of employment and unemployment if the real minimum wage increases? What determines the size of the change in employment when the real minimum wage increases? What determines the size of the change in unemployment when the real minimum wage increases? Which parts of the economy are affected by the minimum wage? 11-5

Learning Objectives When the minimum wage increases, who gains and who loses? What is an equity-efficiency trade-off? How do economists determine the elasticities of labor supply and labor demand? What are the estimates of these elasticities? What are the estimated effects of an increase in the minimum wage? 11-6

Figure US Department of Labor Poster 11-7

Figure Nominal Federal Minimum Wage in the United States 11-8

From Nominal to Real Wages 11-9

Figure Real Minimum Wage in the United States 11-10

Nominal and Real Wages in the Labor Market 11-11

Figure Labor Market Equilibrium 11-12

Nominal and Real Wages in the Labor Market 11-13

Figure Labor Market Equilibrium after 10 Percent Inflation 11-14

Figure Labor Market with a Minimum Wage 11-15

Inflation and the Minimum Wage 11-16

Figure A Reduction in the Real Minimum Wage 11-17

Figure 11.8 – Effects on Unemployment of a Reduction in the Real Minimum Wage 11-18

Figure Deadweight Loss from Minimum Wage 11-19

Figure Effects of Increasing the Real Minimum Wage 11-20

The Effect of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Unemployment 11-21

Figure The Employment Effect of a Change in the Minimum Wage 11-22

Table Effects of a Change in the Minimum Wage 11-23

The Effect of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Unemployment 11-24

Figure The Unemployment Effect of a Change in the Minimum Wage 11-25

Table 11.2 – Unemployment Effects of a Change in the Real Minimum Wage 11-26

The Wage Bill 11-27

Figure The Wage Bill 11-28

The Wage Bill 11-29

Figure Effects of an Increase in the Minimum Wage on the Wage Bill 11-30

Expected Wage 11-31

Figure Models and Data 11-32

Figure Inferring Labor Demand from Data 11-33

Figure – Difficulties inferring Labor Demand from Data 11-34

Figure Teenage Unemployment in the United States 11-35

Key Terms Inflation: A situation where, on average, the prices of goods and services are increasing Real wage: The nominal wage (the wage in dollars) divided by the price level Efficiency: The basis that economists use for judging the allocation of resources in an economy Profit: Revenues minus costs 11-36

Key Terms Deadweight loss: The economic surplus that disappears as a result of any policy that distorts a competitive market and thus causes the total volume of trade to differ from the equilibrium level Wage elasticity of labor demand: The percentage change in the quantity of labor demanded divided by the percentage change in the wage Price elasticity of demand: The percentage change in the quantity demanded in the market divided by the percentage change in price 11-37

Key Terms Price elasticity of supply: The percentage change in the quantity supplied to the market divided by the percentage change in price Wage elasticity of labor supply: The percentage change in the quantity of labor supplied divided by the percentage change in the wage Risk averse: Being willing to pay more than a gamble’s expected loss in order to avoid that gamble Equity-efficiency trade-off: Trade-off that arises when policies that deliver a more equitable distribution of resources also generate deadweight loss 11-38

Key Terms Income effect: When a good decreases in price, the buyer can afford more of everything, including that good. Substitution effect: If one good becomes cheaper relative to other goods, this leads the buyer to purchase less of other goods and more of that particular good Natural experiment: An exogenous change that can be associated with a shift in either the demand curve only or the supply curve only Marginal cost: The extra cost of producing an additional unit of output, which is equal to the change in cost divided by the change in quantity 11-39

Key Takeaways The nominal minimum wage is set by governments – The real minimum wage is the real value of the nominal minimum wage – It is determined by dividing the nominal minimum wage by the price level The levels of the real wage and employment are determined by labor market equilibrium When the government imposes a minimum wage, the real wage is determined by the minimum wage divided by the price level, not by the interaction between labor supply and demand 11-40

Key Takeaways If there is inflation and a fixed nominal minimum wage, then the level of employment will increase and the real minimum wage will decrease The minimum wage creates deadweight loss because some trades of labor services do not take place All else being the same, an increase in the real minimum wage will reduce employment and increase unemployment The size of the change in employment when the minimum wage increases is determined by the elasticity of the labor demand curve 11-41

Key Takeaways The size of the change in unemployment when the minimum wage increases is determined by the elasticities of the labor demand and supply curves The minimum wage affects buyers and sellers of labor services in the markets where the minimum wage is binding – It also affects the owners of these firms Buyers and sellers of labor services in low wage (unskilled) labor markets are directly affected by changes in the real wage – Workers in this market who keep their jobs are better off 11-42

Key Takeaways – Those that lose their jobs are made worse off, at least in the short run – Owners of the firms are hurt because of reduced profits from the minimum wage – The magnitude of these effects depends on the elasticities of labor demand and supply The equity-efficiency trade-off means that policies that increase equity can create inefficiencies – The minimum wage provides an example of that trade-off 11-43

Key Takeaways Economists use data from labor market outcomes (wages and employment) to infer the shapes of labor supply and demand curves – A key part of this inference is to isolate economic variation to trace out one of the curves Based on many studies, −(elasticity of labor demand) is about 0.3 – So if we increase the minimum wage by 10 percent, employment will decrease by 3 percent Studies that look directly at the effects of minimum wage changes find minimal effects of minimum wage changes on employment and unemployment 11-44