MOTOR SYSTEMS: THE CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

THE CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA COORDINATE MOVEMENTS THE CEREBELLUM IS INVOLVED IN PLANNING, COORDINATION, AND POSTURE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LOBES INVOLVED IN LIMB MOVEMENT FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE IS INVOLVED IN EQUILIBRIUM AND POSTURE

ANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUM Lateral Zone Intermediate Zone Floculonodular Lobe

SOMATIC SENSORY PROJECTIONS ONTO THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX

FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM PLANNING OF A MOVEMENT CONTROL OF POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM CONTROL OF SMOOTH LIMB MOVEMENT

CELL TYPES AND CIRCUITS IN THE CEREBELLUM

PURKINJE CELLS ARE THE MOST PROMINENT OF ALL THE CEREBELLAR CELL TYPES TWO INPUTS: CLIMBING FIBERS (FROM OLIVARY NUCLEUS) AND PARALLEL FIBERS FROM GRANULE CELLS OUTPUT VARIES ACORDING TO INPUT: CLIMING FIBERS LEAD TO COMPLEX PATTERNS WHILE PARALLEL FIBERS GENERATE SIMPLE PATTERNS

THE BASAL GANGLIA

THE BASAL GANGLIA PLAN MOVEMENTS PRIMARY INPUT FROM NEOCORTEX OTHER INPUTS FROM THE THALAMUS AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA GLOBUS PALLIDUS PROVIDES OUTPUT COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

BASAL GANGLIA: AFFERENT CONNECTIONS CORTEX CAUDATE THALAMUS PUTAMEN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

BASAL GANGLIA: INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS CORTEX CAUDATE THALAMUS PUTAMEN GLOBUS PALLIDUS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

BASAL GANGLIA: EFFERENT CONNECTIONS CAUDATE THALAMUS PUTAMEN GLOBUS PALLIDUS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

BASAL GANGLIA OUTPUT TO CORTEX VIA THALAMUS MODULATE DESCENDING COMPONENTS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM ADDITIONAL OUTPUTS TO SUBSTANTIA NIGRA USE DOPAMINE AS NEUROTRANSMITTER: THESE DEGENERATE IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS SENSE MOTION THREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR, INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL UTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICLE PLANES

THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: UTRICLE & SACCULUS ONE CANAL IN EACH COORDINATE PLANE UTRICLE & SACCULUS AMPULLA

THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS) OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE- GELATINOUS LAYER HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS

THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS HEAD MOVEMENT OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS) OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE- GELATINOUS LAYER HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS

THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: SEMICIRCULAR CANALS ONE CANAL IN EACH COORDINATE PLANE UTRICLE & SACCULUS AMPULLA

THE AMPULLA HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS

THE AMPULLA MOVEMENT OF HEAD INERTIAL FLUID MOVEMENT HAIR CELLS NERVE BENT NERVE CELLS FIRE

DISEASES OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM UPPER-MOTOR-NEURON LESIONS CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LESIONS LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESIONS CEREBELLAR LESIONS

UPPER-MOTOR-NEURON LESIONS PARALYSIS ON SIDE OF BODY OPPOSITE LESION INCREASED MUSCLE TONE EXTENSION OF BIG TOE AND BABINSKI SIGN LACK OF MUSCLE ATROPHY

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LESIONS LOSS OF STRENGTH AND MOVEMENT OF MUSCLE GROUPS LOSS OF STRENGTH IN VOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTION BABINSKI SIGN

LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESIONS IPSOLATERAL HYPOACTIVE REFLEXES PARALYSIS FLACID MUSCLES WITH PROMINENT ATROPHY

CEREBELLAR LESIONS IPSILATERAL DISTURBANCES LATERAL LESIONS RESULT IN COORDINATION LOSS LESIONS IN THE VERMIS PRODUCE ATAXIA (LOSS OF COORDINATION) FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE LESIONS PRODUCE EQUILIBRIUM DISTURBANCE AND ATAXIA