Creating and Negotiating Peace Structures: Difficulties for Small Nations Caught Between Superpowers Part 2: Difficulties with Economic Peace Structures 臺大歐洲聯盟法律研究中心 2014 年國際系列研討會 ： 列強權力衝突間的緩衝區政經策略 Prof. Stephen Lakkis, Center for Public Theology, Taiwan 第十六單元：歐盟法與生命對話 歐盟法研討會 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方 式分享」台灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方 式分享」台灣 3.0 版 1

The Loss of Intermediary Agencies 2

Bilateral Agreements 3

Economic Structures  Eurozone as a model for the promotion of economic welfare between unequal partners?  But economic structures have a long history of being used to promote injustice. 4

1. Is there an underlying power equality in these economic cooperations? 2. A Swiss model: Can a smaller neutral state offer financial value or economic services? 5

3. Given the long history of exploitation in the economic system, is it naive to think that the economic system can be used for establishing peace structures, or do bilateral or multilateral systems simply multiply injustices? 6

4. The application of political and moral pressure on citizens and especially the weak to stifle arguments and maintain economic controls: that some should be sacrificed for the “greater good”. 7

 5. Multinational economic agreements make it harder to redress local economic injustices. ✤ Bilateral FTAs between small nations and superpowers that are negotiated and signed in secret, that bypass a nation’s democratic legislative systems, and that detract from a nation’s sovereignty by overriding local and national laws represent a high-risk proposition for the creation of peace structures. 8

6. Economics is the law or management (nomos) of the household (oikos): ✤ Economic structures must account for the needs of the entire household of the nation. ✤ In the household of the nation, the needs of everyone need to be considered, but a primary focus needs to be placed on those who will and already are suffering the most. ✤ Are multinational economic agreements resulting in a reduction of ownership over production and a reduction in democratic control over the economy, in a way that impacts on those who are most vulnerable and most dependent upon the economic system? 9

7. Are peace and justice issues being addressed at all levels: regional, national and local?  REGIONAL  NATIONAL  LOCAL 10

If not, this can lead to unrest, demonstrations, and violence. Are international negotiations really aimed at creating and solidifying peace structures at the local levels for ordinary citizens? 11

版權聲明 頁碼作品版權圖示來源 / 作者 2 UN logo, by United Nations; 轉引自 Association of Muslim Scholars in Iraq / U.N : 1,075 KILLED IN IRAQ VIOLENCE OVER THE LAST 17 DAYS 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/16 。 2 WTO logo, by World Trade Organization; 轉引自 The Bertton Woods Committee / World Trade Organization 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/16 。 2 World Council of Churches / WCC logo black 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/16 4 Wikimedia commons / Source: Image:Euro symbol black.svg; Author: European Commission 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/25 。 5 Wikimedia Commons / Flag of Switzerland (Pantone) 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/7/16 。 12

版權聲明 頁碼作品版權圖示來源 / 作者 6 Wikimedia Commons / Electronics factory in Shenzhen, Steve Jurvetson 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示」 2.0 通用版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示」 2.0 通用版 7 Wikimedia Commons / Humanitarian Aid in Congo november 2008, Julien Harneis 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 2.0 通用版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 2.0 通用版 8 Wikimedia commons / Source: Photo by Joe Mabel; Author: Joe Mabel 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 版 11 Wikimedia Commons / Greek protests collage, Philly boy92 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 未本地化版本授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 未本地化版本 1-13 本作品轉載自 Microsoft Office 2010 PowerPoint 設計主題範本，依據 Microsoft 服務合約及著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使 用。 Microsoft 服務合約 13