Chapter 2 Biological and Environmental Foundations

2 The Genetic Code Chromosomes l _______ genetic information l Each cell in the human body contains _____. Cell Figure 2.1

3 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid §_____ molecules make up chromosomes. §Code for transmission of all genetic information §______ is a segment of a DNA molecule. Gene

4 Male or Female? §Sex is determined by whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm (male sex cell) fertilizes the ovum (female sex cell). MaleFemale XYXX Y Sperm X Ovum X X Sperm

5 Patterns of Genetic Inheritance §If the genes are alike, the child is _________ and will display the inherited trait. §If they are different, then the child is________, and relationships between the genes determine the trait that will appear. §_______ genes will always result in the characteristics while recessive genes will only have effect if paired with another recessive gene §_______ some traits result from interactions of many genes homozygousheterozygous

Reproductive choices §Genetic counseling – assess likelihood of having a baby who has inherited _________ §Prenatal diagnostic methods(genetic testing): l __________ – fluid obtained from uterus l _________ – high-frequency waves used to obtain an image

7 Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine §Detection of ______ §Some problems can be treated before birth, but practices are controversial. §Today, the goal is to map chromosomes and correct hereditary defects with genetic repair or replacement.

Reproductive Technologies §_____________ - sperm from a donor is injected into the woman §_______________ - egg and sperm are united in a dish §_________- another woman is inseminated with the father’s sperm and then delivers the baby §embryo adoption §_________________________ - saving healthy tissues for later use §__________ - organism grown from cell of parent and is genetically identical

9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS FOR DEVELOPMENT §Family §Friends §School §Society

10 Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Family Functioning §Index of a family's or individual's social position and economic well-being. It combines years of education, ________________________, and income. §Affects ____________________ of phases of the family life cycle