King Saud University College of Nursing Adult Nursing (NUR 316) Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance Acid and Base Imbalance 1

 Approx. 60% of the body weight is fluid (water and electrolytes).  Body fluid is located in 3 compartment: Intracellular fluids contained within the cells (ICF): 2/3 of TBF Extracellular fluid (ECF): 1/3 of TBF compose of IVF + 3 rd space (interstitial space which is the fluid between the cells ) Fluid compartment are separated by semi permeable membrane Introduction

DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS IVF 3 rd space ICF

Average daily intake and output in an adult: Intake Output Oral Liquids 1300ml. Urine 1500ml Water in foods 1000ml. Stool 200ml Water produced Insensible lungs 300ml by metabolism 300ml Skin 600ml 2600ml 2600ml

Normal Lab Results: - Na → 135−145mEq/L. - K+ → 3.5−5.5mEq/L. - Ca++ → 8.5−10.5mEq/L. - Cl → 96−106mEq/L. - Mg → 1.5−2.5mEq/L.

Fluid Volume Disturbance: I-Hypovolemia (fluids volume deficit): − Contributing Factors: * Loss of water and electrolyte. e.g.( vomiting,diarrhea,burns). * Decrease intake. e.g. (anorexia, nausea, inability to gain access to fluids). * Some disease.e.g (D.M, Diabetic Insipidus). − Sings and symptoms: Weight loss, general weakness, dizziness, increase pulse.

Assessment & Diagnostic evaluation Health History & Physical examination Serum BUN & Creatinin Hematocrit level “great than normal” Urine specific gravity Serum electrolytes level Hypokalemia in case of GI & renal loss Hyperkalemia in case of adrenal insufficiency Hypernatremia in case of ↑insensible losses & diabetic insepedus

♣ Management treatment of the causes of FVD should be go with treatment of FVD itself factors influence the pt fluid needs should be taken in consideration In case of sever or acute FVD IV replacement should be started Isotonic solutions used to treat hypotension resulted from FVD Renal function & hemodynamic status should be evaluated ♣Nursing Management Monitor I&O as needed “urine” Monitor V/S, skin turgor, mental status & daily weight Extensive Hemodynamic CVP, arterial pressure Mouth care & ↓ irritating fluids

Fluid Volume Disturbance: II- Hypervolemia (fluid volume excess): − Contributing Factors: * Compromised regulatory mechanism such as renal failure, congestive heart failure, and cirrhosis. * Administration of Na+ containing fluids. * Prolong corticosteroid therapy. * Increase fluid intake. − Sings and Symptoms: Weight gain, increase blood pressure, edema, and shortness of breathing.

Assessment & Diagnostic Evaluation - Decreased BUN, Creatinin, Serum osmolality & hematocrete because of plasma dilution, &↓protein intake - Urine sodium is increased if kidneys excrete excess fluid - CXR may disclosed pulmonary congestion

Management Direct cause should be treated Symptomatic treatment consist of :  Diuretics  Restrict fluid & Na intake.  Maintained electrolytes balance  Hemodialysis in case of renal impairment  K+ supplement & specific nutrition Nursing Management: - Assess breathing, weight,degree of edema regularly - I & O measurement regularly - Semifowlers position in case of shortness of breath - Patient education

Electrolyte imbalance: I- SodiumDeficit (Hyponatremia): −Contributing Factors: * Use of a diuretic. * Loss of GI fluids. * Gain of water. − Sings and Symptoms: Anorexia, nausea and vomiting, headache, lethargy, confusion, seizures.

Hyponatremia, continued Treatment: correct underlying disorder Fluid restrict, + diuretics Hypertonic saline to increase level 2-3 mEq/L/hr and max rate 100cc of 5% saline/hr

Electrolyte imbalance: II- Sodium Excess (Hypernatremia): − Contributing Factors: * Water deprivation in patient. * Hypertonic tube feeding. * Diabetes Insipidus. − Sings and Symptoms: Thirst, hallucination, lethargy, restless, pulmonary edema.

Hypernatremia, continued Treatment: correct underlying disorder Free water replacement: (0.6 * kg BW) * ((Na/140) – 1). Slow infusion of D5W give ½ over first 8 hrs then rest over next hrs to avoid cerebral edema.

Electrolyte imbalance: III- Potassium Deficit (Hypokalemia): − Contributing factors: * Dirrhea, vomiting, gastric suctions. * Corticosteroid administration. * Diuretics. − Sings and symptoms: Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, change in ECG. EKG: low, flat T-waves, ST depression, and U waves

Hypokalemia, continued ECG changes in hypokalemia

Hypokalemia, continued ECG changes in hypokalemia

Hypokalemia, continued Treatment: Check renal function Treat alkalosis, decrease sodium intake PO with mEq doses IV: peripheral 7.5 mEq/hr, central 20 mEq/hr and increase K + in maintenance fluids.

Electrolyte imbalance: IV- Potassium Excess (Hyperkalemia): − Contributing Factors: * Renal Failure. * Crush injury, burns. * Blood transfusion. * Administration of IV K+. − Sings and Symptoms: Bradycardia, dysarrythmia, anxiety, irritable. - ECG: peaked T waves then flat P waves, depressed ST segment, widened QRS progressing to sine wave and V fib.

Hyperkalemia – ECG Changes

Hyperkalemia, continued Treatment: Remove iatrogenic causes Acute: if > 7.5 mEq/L or EKG changes Ca-gluconate – 1 gm over 2 min IV Sodium bicarbonate – 1 amp, may repeat in 15min D50W (1 ampule = 50 gm) and 10U regular insulin Emergent dialysis Hydration and diuresis, kayexalate g, in cc of 20% sorbitol q 4hrs or enema

Calcium Hypocalcemia: Seen in hypoalbuminemia. Check ionized Ca Often symptomatic below 8 mEq/dL Check PTH: low may be Mg deficiency High think pancreatitis, hyperPO4, low Vitamin D, pseudohypoparathyroidism, massive blood transfusion, drugs (e.g. gentamicin) renal insufficiency S/Sx: numbness, tingling, circumoral paresthesia, cramps tetany, increased DTR’s, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign EKG has prolonged QT interval

Calcium, continued Hypocalcemia cont. Treatment: Acute: (IV) CaCl 10 cc of 10% solution = 6.5 mmole Ca or CaGluconate 10cc of 10% solution = 2.2 mmole Ca Chronic: (PO) gm CaCO 3 = mg Ca. Phosphate binding antacids improve GI absorption of Ca Vit D (calciferol) must have normal serum PO4. Start 50,000 – 200,000 units/day

Calcium, continued

Hypercalcemia Usually secondary to hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. Other causes are thiazides, milk-alkali syndrome, granulomatous disease, acute adrenal insufficiency Acute crisis is serum Ca> 12mg/dL. Critical at 16-20mg/dL S/Sx: N/V, anorexia, abdominal pain, confusion, lethargy MS changes= “Bones, stone, abdominal groans and psychic overtones.”

Calcium, continued Treatment: Hydration with NS then loop diuretic. Steroids for lymphoma, multiple myeloma, adrenal insufficiency, bone mets, Vit D intoxication. May need Hemodialysis. Mithramycin for malignancy induced hyperCa refractory to other treatment. Give mcg/kg IVP Calcitonin in malignant PTH syndromes

Types of IV solutions: * Serum plasma osmalarity ( m osmol). I- Isotonic Solutions: A solution with the same osmalality as serum and other body Fluids. e.g. N/S 0.9%, Ringer Lactate, D5W. II- Hypotonic Solutions: A solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum plasma. e.g. half strength saline (0.45% sodium chloride). III- Hypertonic Solution: A solution with an osmalality higher than that of serum. e.g. 1.4 % NS

Hypertonic fluids H2O+ Elect  IVF have a higher osmolarity than the ICF &3 rd space.  Pulls fluid and electrolytes from the ICF &3 rd into IVF. 3 rd space

 Can help stabilize blood pressure, increase urine output, and reduce edema.  Dangerous in the setting of cell dehydration.  Examples: 1.4 % NS, Colloids & blood products Hypertonic fluids

Hypotonic fluids 3 rd space H2O+ Elect  IVF have a lower osmolarity than the ICF &3 rd space.  Pulls fluid and electrolytes from the IVF into the ICF &3 rd.

 Can be helpful when cells are dehydrated, hyperglycemic, diabetic ketoacidosis.  Can cause cardiovascular collapse and increased Intracranial pressure (ICP) in some patients.  Example: O.45% Nacl, D5NS.45 (5% dextrose in 1/2 normal saline). Hypotonic fluids

Isotonic fluids 3 rd space H20+ Elect  IVF have same osmolarity as the ICF &3 rd space.  Fluid stay inside the IVF.

 After a few hours 80 % goes into 3 rd space while 20% stay in IV ( we need 3 liters of isotonic fluid to replace 1 liter of blood loss).  Can be helpful in hypotensive or hypovolemic patients.  Examples: Lactated Ringer's (LR), 0.9% NS. Isotonic fluids

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