Superconductivity. Work on Worksheets. Superconductivity Lecture Superconductivity * Work on Worksheets * Superconductivity Lecture * Video “Race for Absolute Zero” Some material from Dr. Tim Lynch Funded by: HTS State Outreach Centers: DE-PS36-03GO93001-11

Connection with what you know. Three types of bonds: Covalent Ionic Metallic  You remember Name: Voltage = current X resistance Ohm’s Law Where does the resistance energy Resistance lost as heat

Superconductivity is an exciting field of physics Superconductivity is an exciting field of physics! (Picture below is the levitation of a magnet above a cooled superconductor, the Meissner Effect, ) Source: University of Oslo, Superconductivity Lab

Definition and Research Aim Superconductivity is the flow of electric current without resistance in certain metals, alloys, and ceramics at temperatures near absolute zero, Research Aim: Get to temperatures hundreds of degrees above absolute zero = -273ºK. (at least to liquid nitrogen temperatures) Net: Keep it cold and resistance is zero.

Comparisons of Temperatures                                                                                              

The Discovery Discovery by Onnes … zero resistance on a Hg wire at 4.2 K in 1911.

At 4.2K, the Electrical Resistance (opposition of a material to the flow of electrical current through it)Vanished, Meaning Extremely Good Conduction of Electricity-Superconductivity Source: A Teacher's Guide to Superconductivity for High School Students

The Key of Superconductivity Superconductors have the ability to conduct electricity without the loss of energy. When current flows in an ordinary conductor, for example copper wire, some energy is lost. As much as 50% lost Cooling it down the resistance is lost

In Simpler Terms… Shaking the jungle gym Keeps children from moving Quickly through the gym Source: Oxford University

Cooper Pair: Two electrons that appear to "team up“ Despite the fact that electrons have a negative charge and normally repel each other. Below the superconducting transition temperature, paired e- form a condensate - a macroscopically occupied single quantum state - which flows without resistance

In Simple Term Crowd makes it hard to move. Imagine if a person lifts you up and you surf over the crowd

Animation of Cooper pairs:

The Advantage…. Generators wound with superconductors could generate the same amount of electricity with smaller equipment and less energy. Once the electricity was generated, it could be distributed through superconducting wires. Energy could be stored in superconducting coils for long periods of time without significant loss.

The key Scientific terms…. The superconducting state is defined by three very important factors: critical temperature (Tc), critical field (Hc), and critical current density (Jc). Each of these parameters is very dependant on the other two properties present critical temperature (T ) The highest temperature at which superconductivity occurs in a material. Below this transition temperature T the resistivity of the material is equal to zero. critical magnetic field (Hc ) Above this value of an externally applied magnetic field a superconductor becomes nonsuperconducting critical current density (Jc) The maximum value of electrical current per unit of cross-sectional area that a superconductor can carry without resistance.

The Science Becoming Reality

Emerging Applications power transmission superconducting magnets in generators energy storage devices particle accelerators levitated vehicle transportation rotating machinery magnetic separators Swiss Collider uses  superconductivity

What Types of Superconducting Power Systems Equipment Can Help Us? Underground transmission cables Fault current limiters Transformers Motors Generators, etc.

Cable – transmits 3 to 5 times more energy than copper wire Source: Southwire

Transformer- 2 times overload capacity without insulation damage and environmentally friendly due to lack of oil used in operation. Source: Waukesha Electric Systems

HTS Motor – requires half the space of copper based motors Source: Rockwell

SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) Source: American Superconductor

Economic Impact of Superconducting Equipment Utilities Higher density transmission uses & higher economic productivity Reduced environmental impact Industrial More cost effective industrial processes: Manufacturing & energy production Electrical storage, transmission and expansion Transportation More cost effective electrical transportation: High Speed Rail & MAGLEV technologies Electric car / bus Ships

Forecasted Market Penetration Curves Source: Analysis of Markets and Future Prices for High Temperature Superconductors

This is why Search for Absolute Zero is key Superconductivity is in your future