© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Preview Objectives Electromagnetic Induction Characteristics of Induced Current Sample Problem Chapter 20 Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Objectives Recognize that relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field induces an emf in the conductor. Describe how the change in the number of magnetic field lines through a circuit loop affects the magnitude and direction of the induced electric current. Apply Lenz’s law and Faraday’s law of induction to solve problems involving induced emf and current.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic induction is the process of creating a current in a circuit by a changing magnetic field. A change in the magnetic flux through a conductor induces an electric current in the conductor. The separation of charges by the magnetic force induces an emf.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 20 Electromagnetic Induction in a Circuit Loop Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Electromagnetic Induction, continued The angle between a magnetic field and a circuit affects induction. A change in the number of magnetic field lines induces a current.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Ways of Inducing a Current in a Circuit

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Characteristics of Induced Current Lenz’s Law The magnetic field of the induced current is in a direction to produce a field that opposes the change causing it. Note: the induced current does not oppose the applied field, but rather the change in the applied field.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Lenz's Law for Determining the Direction of the Induced Current

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Characteristics of Induced Current, continued The magnitude of the induced emf can be predicted by Faraday’s law of magnetic induction. Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction The magnetic flux is given by  M = Abcos 

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Sample Problem Induced emf and Current A coil with 25 turns of wire is wrapped around a hollow tube with an area of 1.8 m 2. Each turn has the same area as the tube. A uniform magnetic field is applied at a right angle to the plane of the coil. If the field increases uniformly from 0.00 T to 0.55 T in 0.85 s, find the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil. If the resistance in the coil is 2.5 Ω, find the magnitude of the induced current in the coil.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued Induced emf and Current 1. Define Given: ∆t = 0.85 sA = 1.8 m 2  = 0.0º N = 25 turnsR = 2.5 Ω B i = 0.00 T = 0.00 Vs/m 2 B f = 0.55 T = 0.55 Vs/m 2 Unknown: emf = ? I = ?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued Induced emf and Current 1. Define, continued Diagram: Show the coil before and after the change in the magnetic field.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued Induced emf and Current 2. Plan Choose an equation or situation. Use Faraday’s law of magnetic induction to find the induced emf in the coil. Substitute the induced emf into the definition of resistance to determine the induced current in the coil.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued Induced emf and Current 2. Plan, continued Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown. In this example, only the magnetic field strength changes with time. The other components (the coil area and the angle between the magnetic field and the coil) remain constant.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued Induced emf and Current 3. Calculate Substitute the values into the equation and solve.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued Induced emf and Current 4. Evaluate The induced emf, and therefore the induced current, is directed through the coil so that the magnetic field produced by the induced current opposes the change in the applied magnetic field. For the diagram shown on the previous page, the induced magnetic field is directed to the right and the current that produces it is directed from left to right through the resistor.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Preview Objectives Generators and Alternating Current Motors Mutual Inductance Chapter 20 Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance Chapter 20 Objectives Describe how generators and motors operate. Explain the energy conversions that take place in generators and motors. Describe how mutual induction occurs in circuits.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance Chapter 20 Generators and Alternating Current A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generators use induction to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. A generator produces a continuously changing emf.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 20 Induction of an emf in an AC Generator Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance Function of a Generator

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance Chapter 20 Generators and Alternating Current, continued Alternating current is an electric current that changes direction at regular intervals. Alternating current can be converted to direct current by using a device called a commutator to change the direction of the current.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance Comparing AC and DC Generators

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance Chapter 20 Motors Motors are machines that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. Motors use an arrangement similar to that of generators. Back emf is the emf induced in a motor’s coil that tends to reduce the current in the coil of a motor.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance DC Motors

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance Chapter 20 Mutual Inductance The ability of one circuit to induce an emf in a nearby circuit in the presence of a changing current is called mutual inductance. In terms of changing primary current, Faraday’s law is given by the following equation, where M is the mutual inductance:

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance Mutual Inductance

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Preview Objectives Effective Current Sample Problem Transformers Chapter 20 Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Objectives Distinguish between rms values and maximum values of current and potential difference. Solve problems involving rms and maximum values of current and emf for ac circuits. Apply the transformer equation to solve problems involving step-up and step-down transformers.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Effective Current The root-mean-square (rms) current of a circuit is the value of alternating current that gives the same heating effect that the corresponding value of direct current does. rms Current

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Effective Current, continued The rms current and rms emf in an ac circuit are important measures of the characteristics of an ac circuit. Resistance influences current in an ac circuit.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers rms Current

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Sample Problem rms Current and emf A generator with a maximum output emf of 205 V is connected to a 115 Ω resistor. Calculate the rms potential difference. Find the rms current through the resistor. Find the maximum ac current in the circuit. 1. Define Given: ∆V rms = 205 VR = 115 Ω Unknown: ∆V rms = ? I rms = ? I max = ?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued rms Current and emf 2. Plan Choose an equation or situation. Use the equation for the rms potential difference to find ∆V rms. ∆V rms = ∆V max Rearrange the definition for resistance to calculate I rms. Use the equation for rms current to find I rms. I rms = I max

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued rms Current and emf 2. Plan, continued Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown. Rearrange the equation relating rms current to maximum current so that maximum current is calculated.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Sample Problem, continued rms Current and emf 3. Calculate Substitute the values into the equation and solve. 4. Evaluate The rms values for emf and current are a little more than two-thirds the maximum values, as expected    max (0.707)(205 V)145 V 145 V 1.26 A A 1.78 A rms rms V I I Ω

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Transformers A transformer is a device that increases or decreases the emf of alternating current. The relationship between the input and output emf is given by the transformer equation.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Transformers

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers Chapter 20 Transformers, continued The transformer equation assumes that no power is lost between the primary and secondary coils. However, real transformers are not perfectly efficient. Real transformers typically have efficiencies ranging from 90% to 99%. The ignition coil in a gasoline engine is a transformer.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 20 A Step-Up Transformer in an Auto Ignition System Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Preview Objectives Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 20 Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 20 Objectives Describe what electromagnetic waves are and how they are produced. Recognize that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of a single electromagnetic force. Explain how electromagnetic waves transfer energy. Describe various applications of electromagnetic waves.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 20 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light and are associated with oscillating, perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves; that is, the direction of travel is perpendicular to the the direction of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Electric and magnetic forces are aspects of a single force called the electromagnetic force.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 20 Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Waves

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 20 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves, continued All electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerating charges. Electromagnetic waves transfer energy. The energy of electromagnetic waves is stored in the waves’ oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic radiation is the transfer of energy associated with an electric and magnetic field. Electromagnetic radiation varies periodically and travels at the speed of light.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 20 The Sun at Different Wavelengths of Radiation Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 20 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves, continued High-energy electromagnetic waves behave like particles. An electromagnetic wave’s frequency makes the wave behave more like a particle. This notion is called the wave-particle duality. A photon is a unit or quantum of light. Photons can be thought of as particles of electromagnetic radiation that have zero mass and carry one quantum of energy.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 20 The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from very long radio waves to very short-wavelength gamma waves. The electromagnetic spectrum has a wide variety of applications and characteristics that cover a broad range of wavelengths and frequencies.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 20 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, continued Radio Waves –longest wavelengths –communications, tv Microwaves –30 cm to 1 mm –radar, cell phones Infrared –1 mm to 700 nm –heat, photography Visible light –700 nm (red) to 400 nm (violet) Ultraviolet –400 nm to 60 nm –disinfection, spectroscopy X rays –60 nm to 10 –4 nm –medicine, astronomy, security screening Gamma Rays –less than 0.1 nm –cancer treatment, astronomy

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 20 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves