Detail study on a chemical reaction 1)Stoichiometric: balance of the equation reactants; products; ratio. 3) Kinetic: Rate and mechanism rate; catalyst;

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Chemical Kinetics Reaction rate - the change in concentration of reactant or product per unit time.

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Detail study on a chemical reaction 1)Stoichiometric: balance of the equation reactants; products; ratio. 3) Kinetic: Rate and mechanism rate; catalyst; rate constant; mechanism; selectivity. 2) Thermodynamic: Spontaneity and equilibrium direction; equilibrium; yields.

Brief history of chemical kinetics (1)1850s-1910s: Empirical kinetics (2)1910s-1950s: Elementary reactions; (3)1950s-present: Microscopic kinetics: molecular dynamics, state-to-state dynamics Chemical kinetics: A branch of chemistry that concerns reaction rate and mechanism.

Main concerns of chemical kinetics: 1) Reaction rate: factors that determines the rate of reaction, rate law. 2) Reaction mechanism: the series of steps by which a reaction takes place. 3) structure-dependence of reactivity: the correlation between molecular structure and reaction potential.

§ 9.1 Introduction of chemical kinetics concepts and terms Scientific language: Each science has its own language: Word: concepts, terms; Grammar: nomenclature, rule, law

H 2 + I 2 = 2 HI 1) I 2 = 2I 2) 2I + H 2 = 2HI H 2 + Br 2 = 2 HBr 1) Br 2 = 2 Br 2) Br + H 2 = HBr + H 3) H + Br 2 = HBr + Br 4) H + HBr = H 2 + Br 5) 2 Br = Br 2 Reaction mechanism/pathway: the detailed way by which the reactants are converted into products, or the series of steps by which a reaction takes place. Reaction mechanism / reaction pathway multistep reaction Elementary reaction: the reaction that completes in one act Intermediate: the species formed in one step and consumed in a subsequent step and never seen as a product The sum of the elementary reactions and their series.

1) elementary reactions According to the number of molecules involved in the reaction, elementary reactions can be divided into three kinds: unimolecular reaction: (decomposition, isomerization) I 2 = 2I bimolecular reaction: (combination) Br + H 2 = HBr + H termolecular reaction: 2I + H 2 = 2HI

According to the number of elementary reactions involved, the overall reaction can be classified into: 2) overall reactions Ethylene butadiene cyclohexene simple reaction Diels-Alder addition: complex reaction Overall reaction

Hydrolysis of nitrile Find differences between mechanisms described in physical chemistry and those in organic chemistry.

Levine p reaction kinetics rate of reaction, rate laws, reaction mechanism 17.2 measurement of reaction rates 17.3 integration of rate law first-order reactions; second-order reactions; third-order reactions zero-order reaction; n-th-order reaction