Interfaces and Inner Classes Chapter 13 Interfaces and Inner Classes

Interface An interface is something like an extreme case of an abstract class However, an interface is not a class It is a type that can be satisfied by any class that implements the interface The syntax for defining an interface is similar to that of defining a class Except the word interface is used in place of class

Interface An interface specifies a set of methods that any class that implements the interface must have It contains method headings and constant definitions only It contains neither instance variables nor any complete method definitions Example: interface A { public void display( String s); }

Interface Interface variable is implicitly public, static and final Interface method is implicitly public and abstract (is not implemented by this class) A class can implement one or more interfaces An interface can be implemented by several classes Interface name can be used as the type of a variable i.e interface reference

Interface An interface and all of its method headings should be declared public They cannot be given private, protected, or package access When a class implements an interface, it must make all the methods in the interface public Because an interface is a type, a method may be written with a parameter of an interface type That parameter will accept as an argument any class that implements the interface

Example (Interface) interface Communicate { int LOUD = 0; int SOFT = 1; int OFF = 2; void talk(); void listen(); } class Telephone implements Communicate public void talk() { … } //implementation of interface public void listen() { … } // other methods implemented public void call ( String number) { … } //method member implemented class Professor implements Communicate public void talk() { … } //implementation of interface void Lecture( String topic) { … }

Example (Interface) The keyword implements indicates that the class implements one or more interfaces. Using Objects with common interfaces methods Professor prof = new Professor( “XXXXXX" ); Telephone tel = new Telephone( “111" ); prof.listen(); tel.listen();

Exercise (Interface) class InterfaceRefVariable { // What compile-time error generated for this program? interface B { void display(); } class D0 class D1 implements B public void display() System.out.println( "D1" ); class D2 implements B System.out.println( "D2" ); class InterfaceRefVariable { public static void main( String [] args) B b = new D0(); b.display(); b = new D1(); b = new D2(); }

Interface To implement an interface, a concrete class must do two things: It must include the phrase implements Interface_Name at the start of the class definition. If more than one interface is implemented, each is listed, separated by commas. The class must implement all the method headings listed in the definition(s) of the interface(s). 9

Example (Interface Reference) // Interface extends one or more interfaces interface J { int i=200; int J1(); } interface K { double K1(); interface L extends J, K { boolean L1(); class I implements L { public int J1() return 4; public double K1() { return 7.98; } public boolean L1() return true; class InterfaceInheritance public static void main( String[] args) I a = new I(); System.out.println(a.i); System.out.println(a.J1()); System.out.println(a.K1()); System.out.println(a.L1()); 10

Interface The keyword extends is used to define an inheritance relationship between interfaces. An interface may directly extend multiple interfaces. interface L1 { void f(); void g(); } interface L2 extends L1 int g(); class CE public static void main(String [] args) System.out.println( "Hello" ); The following program generates a compile-time error. Interface L1 declares f() and g(). Interface L2 declares the same except return type of g() is different. The compiler identifies it as an error. 11

Exercise (Interface Inheritance) Write a program that illustrates interface inheritance. Interface P is extended by P1 and P2. Interface P12 inherits from both P1 and P2. Each interface declares one constant and one method. Class Q implements P12. Instantiate Q and invoke each of its methods. Each method displays one of the constants. 12

The instanceof Operator The instanceof operator is used to determine if an object is of a particular class or implements a specific interface. Syntax: varName instanceof type varName is an object reference variable type is the name of either a class or an interface The expression evaluates to true if varName is a type. Otherwise, it evaluates to false. 13

Example (The instanceof Operator) abstract class Fish { abstract void display(); } abstract class SaltWtrFish extends Fish abstract class FreshWtrFish extends Fish class Trout extends FreshWtrFish void display() System.out.println( "Trout" ); class Tuna extends SaltWtrFish System.out.println( "Tuna" ); class InstantofOperator { public static void main( String[] arg) Fish f[] = new Fish[3]; f[0] = new Trout(); f[1] = new Tuna(); f[2] = new Trout(); for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++) if ( f[j] instanceof FreshWtrFish ) f[j].display(); } Output: Trout 14

Example (The instanceof Operator) interface Vehicle { void drive(); } abstract class Mammal { } class Bear extends Mammal { } class Elephant extends Mammal implements Vehicle public void drive() System.out.println( "Elephant: Drive" ); class Horse extends Mammal implements Vehicle System.out.println( "Horse:Drive" ); class Lion extends Mammal{ } class InstantofInterface { public static void main( String[] ar) Mammal m[] = new Mammal[4]; m[0]=new Elephant(); m[1]=new Bear(); m[2]=new Horse(); m[3]=new Lion(); for( int j = 0; j < 4; j++) if ( m[j] instanceof Vehicle) Vehicle v = (Vehicle)m[j]; v.drive(); } Output: Elephant: Drive Horse: Drive 15

Exercise (The instanceof Operator) Write a program that demonstrate the instanceof operator. Declare interface I1 and I2. Interface I3 extends both of these interface. Also declare interface I4. Class X implements I3. Class W extends X and implements I4. Create an object of class W. Use the instanceof operator to test if object implements each of the interface and is of type X. 16

The comparable Interface Chapter 4 discussed the Merge Sort and the quick sort algorithms, and examined a method for sorting an array into increasing order This code could be modified to sort into decreasing order, or to sort strings instead Each of these methods would be essentially the same, but making each modification would be a nuisance. The only difference would be the types of values being sorted, and the definition of the ordering. Using the Comparable interface could provide a single sorting method that covers all these cases. 17

The comparable Interface The Comparable interface is in the java.lang package, and so is automatically available to any program. It has only the following method heading that must be implemented: public int compareTo(Object other); It is the programmer's responsibility to follow the semantics of the Comparable interface when implementing it. 18

The comparable Interface The method compareTo must return: A negative number if the calling object "comes before" the parameter other. A zero if the calling object "equals" the parameter other. A positive number if the calling object "comes after" the parameter other. If the parameter other is not of the same type as the class being defined, then a ClassCastException should be thrown. 19

Simple Use of Inner Classes Inner classes are classes defined within other classes. The class that includes the inner class is called the outer class. There is no particular location where the definition of the inner class (or classes) must be place within the outer class. Placing it first or last, however, will guarantee that it is easy to find. 20

Simple Use of Inner Classes An inner class definition is a member of the outer class in the same way that the instance variables and methods of the outer class are members. An inner class is local to the outer class definition. The name of an inner class may be reused for something else outside the outer class definition. If the inner class is private, then the inner class cannot be accessed by name outside the definition of the outer class. 21

Simple Use of Inner Classes There are two main advantages to inner classes. They can make the outer class more self-contained since they are defined inside a class. Both of their methods have access to each other's private methods and instance variables. Using an inner class as a helping class is one of the most useful applications of inner classes. If used as a helping class, an inner class should be marked private. 22

Simple Use of Inner Classes Within the definition of a method of an inner class: It is legal to reference a private instance variable of the outer class It is legal to invoke a private method of the outer class Within the definition of a method of the outer class It is legal to reference a private instance variable of the inner class on an object of the inner class It is legal to invoke a (nonstatic) method of the inner class as long as an object of the inner class is used as a calling object Within the definition of the inner or outer classes, the modifiers public and private are equivalent. 23

Example(Use of Inner Classes) public class University{ private class Student { private String ID ; private int Age ; private String Grade ; public Student (string I, int A, String G) { this.ID = I ; this.Age = A ; this.Grade = G ; } public String getGrade( ) { return Grade ; public String getStudentInfo( ) { return ID +” ” +Age; } // end of inner class private Student S ; public String getInfo( ) { return S.Grade + “ “ + S.getStudentInfo() ; } } // end of outerclass ……… 24