Skeletal and Muscular Systems To be used with Skeletal and Muscular Systems Guided Notes Gaccione/Bakka Belleville High School

Movement Movement is a Life Function for all living things –Locomotion: change in position of an organism Tropism Walking/Sliding

“Everybody’s doing a brand new motion…”Everybody’s doing a brand new motion…

Locomotion Why do organisms need to move? Survival Value of Locomotion 1. Get food and shelter 2. Escape from predators 3. Move to regions better suited to survival 4. Find mates 5. Move away from toxic wastes

Human Locomotion What allows us to move? –Skeleton and Muscles cranium illium patella radius phalanges metatarsals fibula Tibia(top) femur carpals & metacarpals Ulna(under) humerus scapula mandible maxilla clavicle ribs vertebrae sacrum tarsals sternum ishiu m

Functions of the Skeleton Functions of the skeleton: 1. Supporting framework for internal organs. 2. Attachment sites for muscle. 3. Protects the internal organs. 5. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. 4. Provides leverage for body movement. The bones also store minerals - calcium.

Cartilage Cartilage: tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissue Cartilage Functions 1. Support 2. Flexibility of joints 3. Cushioning of joints Cartilage makes up most of the embryo's skeleton. Most of this cartilage changes to bone by adulthood. Forensic scientists can tell a persons age by the % of cartilage and bone.

Compact Bone

Cartilage

Ligaments Ligaments: -tough and elastic tissue that connects bones to bones -found at joints -a sprain is when the ligament is torn or overextended.

Tendons Tendons: tough fibrous cords which attach muscles to bones

Tendons and Ligaments A is a tendon (it connects bone D to muscle B) B is a muscle - bicep C is a ligament (connects bones) D is the ulna

Muscles –only body tissue able to contract –creates movement by flexing and extending joints –body energy converters (many muscle cells contain many mitochondria)

Types of Muscle: Smooth Smooth Muscle: –Smooth in appearance –Involuntary in action –Slowly contracting but contractions are long in duration –Lines blood vessels, alimentary canal, and body openings

Types of Muscle: Skeletal Skeletal Muscle –Voluntary in action –Contain many striped long fibers called striations –Found in association with skeletal bones the nervous system interacts with skeletal muscles to produce motion

Types of Muscle: Cardiac Cardiac Muscle: –Involuntary in action –The hardest working muscle--the heart –Resembles skeletal muscle with lined appearance

Comparison of Muscle Types SmoothSkeletalCardiac

Mucsles Work in Pairs When biceps contract triceps relax. When triceps contracts biceps relax.

Muscle Contractions Violent muscle contractions require a lot of oxygen. –If oxygen is not available muscle fatigue will set in. Muscle fatigue: results from oxygen debt – lactic acid accumulates in skeletal muscles –Muscle can cramp up –rest with controlled breathing & fluids restores the oxygen balance

Disruptions in Homeostasis Arthritis: joint inflammation

Disruptions in Homeostasis Tendonitis: tendon inflammation at bone junctures –a common condition in athletes

Disruptions in Homeostasis Types of bone breaks (fractures): –Range from a simple fracture to a compound fracture: