Successful IT Projects By Darren Dalcher & Lindsey Brodie Chapter 1 www.thomsonlearning.co.uk/fasttrack

Introduction to projects and project management Lecture 1: Introduction to projects and project management

Learning outcomes Describe the characteristics of projects Outline project management activities Understand the criteria for successful projects Describe in overview the project lifecycles Explain the different systems development lifecycle approaches and models

What is a project? “A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result.” (PMBOK 2004) A definable purpose A unique undertaking A temporary activity

Project characteristics Stakeholder value Innovation Organisational change Resource utilisation Timescales Financial cost Resource availability Organisational scope

What is project management? “The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.” (PMBOK 2004) “Project management is the process by which projects are defined,planned, monitored, controlled and delivered such that the agreed benefits are realised.” (APM BoK 2006)

Project management process groups Initiating processes Planning processes Executing processes Monitoring and controlling processes Closing processes (PMBOK 2004)

Project management knowledge areas Integration management Scope management Time management Cost management Quality management Human resources management Communications management Risk management Procurement management (PMBOK 2004)

Success criteria for projects A project should be completed: Within time Within budget At the desired performance levels With acceptable quality Offering at least the minimum agreed functionality Utilising the assigned resources effectively and efficiently Accepted by the client Used by the intended users Delivering the promised benefits

Factors influencing project failure (Yardley 2002) Technical Failure Human Failure Process Failure Lure of the leading edge Lack of executive support Absence of any project management methodology Poor technical design Lack of leadership Absence of any systems development methodology Technical solution to a non-technical problem Uncommitted project team Absence of any benefits management methodology Dependence on software packages to satisfy requirements Dysfunctional project team Failure to identify and mitigate project risks Lack of tools throughout development lifecycle Failure to manage third parties Failure to manage requirements Technology-led development Lack of a project ‘champion’ Lengthy project timescales Lack of project ownership Insufficient testing Stakeholder conflict ‘Big-bang’ approach to computerization Resistance to change Hostile organizational culture Inexperienced project managers Lack of business justification Unclear or ambiguous business priorities Lack of user training Misaligned stakeholder motivation

Project lifecycles Project management lifecycle Manage the project Systems development lifecycle Modify the system System Lifecycle Project Start Project End

Project management lifecycle Concept Definition Implementation Handover and closeout (APM BoK 2006)

Systems development lifecycle approaches Sequential Incremental Prototyping Evolutionary

Systems development lifecycle models Waterfall model Incremental phased delivery Evolutionary delivery (Evo) Spiral model DSDM (Dynamic Systems Development Model) RUP (Rational Unified Process) XP (Extreme Programming)

The Waterfall Model Winston Royce 1970 System Requirements Software Analysis Program Design Coding Testing Operations

Incremental Delivery Phase 1 Phase 5 Phase 4 Phase 3 Phase 2 Delivery to Customer of Increment 1 of Increment 2 of Increment 3 of Increment 4 of Increment 5 Waterfall Models

Crashed Increments Delivery to customer on completion of each increment

Evo Result Cycle Tom Gilb Strategic Management Cycle Development Cycle Feedback ‘Go’ Strategic Management Cycle ‘The Head’ Development Cycle Tom Gilb Evo was developed from 1976 onwards Backroom ‘The Body’ Production Cycle Backroom Delivery Cycle Frontroom Result Cycle

Evo Step Development and Delivery Backroom ‘KITCHEN’ Frontroom ‘RESTAURANT’ A A Potential Next Step (Step 4) D B B C H Step 3 D C E Delivery Cycle G Development & Production Cycles F F Implementation Cycle for F Step 2 G E H Step 1 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Time From (Gilb 2005)

Spiral Model Barry Boehm 1988 Identify and resolve risk Determine objectives Risk Analysis Risk Analysis Risk Analysis Risk Analysis Operational Prototype Review Prototype 1 Prototype 2 Prototype 3 Requirements plan Requirements Design Requirements validation Detailed Design Development plan Code Design verification and validation Integration and test plan Test Plan next phase Develop and verify Service

DSDM Overview DSDM Consortium About 1994 From (Stapleton 2003) Feasibility Business Study Implement Agree schedule Review business Implementation Train users Identify functional prototype Create functional prototype Functional model iteration User approval and user guidelines Review prototype Identify design prototypes Review design prototypes Agree schedule Design and build iteration Create design prototypes From (Stapleton 2003)

Rational Unified Process (RUP) Rumbaugh et al 1999 Iterate Iterate Iterate Iterate Inception Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles Elaboration Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles Construction Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles Transition Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles

Extreme Programming (XP) Kent Beck 2000 Exploration Planning Iterations to Release Productionizing Maintenance Stories Stories for next iteration Pair programming Continuous Review Analysis Design Planning for testing Testing Capturing features Prototyping Weeks to months Customer Approval Documentation Performance improvements Estimate Prioritize Agree contents of release 2 days Continuous Integration Feedback Codebase Test Feedback Release Updated Release 1 to 4 weeks each iteration From (Abrahamsson et al 2002)

Summary What is a project? Project characteristics What is project management? Project management process groups and knowledge areas Project success and failure criteria Project management lifecycle Systems development lifecycle approaches Systems development lifecycle models