Visitors and Residents: What Motivates Engagement with the Digital Information Environment? University of Sheffield iSchool, 20 February 2013 Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph. D. Senior Research Scientist OCLC Research

Then & Now Then: The user built workflow around the library Now: The library must build its services around user workflow Then: Resources scarce, attention abundant Now: Attention scarce, resources abundant (Dempsey, 2008)

Current Environment Challenges Budget cuts High retirement rates Hiring freezes Opportunity Best value for most use Understand how, why, & under what circumstances individuals use systems & services

Visitors and Residents: What Motivates Engagement with the Digital Information Environment? Funded by JISC OCLC Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D. Oxford University David White Alison Le Cornu, Ph.D. In partnership with University of North Carolina, Charlotte Donna Lanclos, Ph.D.

Why Visitors and Residents Project? If we build it, they will NOT come Shifting changes in engagement with information environment Effect of larger cultural changes influenced by Web New attitudes towards education Gap in user behaviour studies – need for longitudinal studies Understand motivations for using & expectations of technologies & spaces in information environment Inform project & service design to improve engagement & uptake

Research Questions What are the most significant factors for novice & experienced researchers in choosing their modes of engagement with the information environment? Do individuals develop personal engagement strategies which evolve over time & for specific needs & goals, or are the educational contexts (or, in the context of this study, “educational stages”) the primary influence on their engagement strategies? Are modes of engagement shifting over the course of time, influenced by emergent web culture & the availability of “new” ways to engage, or are the underlying trends & motivations relatively static within particular educational stages?

Theoretical Framework Prensky Digital Natives & Digital Immigrants Wilson Models in information behaviour research Cool & Spink Information seeking in context

Video: First Monday Paper: (White & Connaway, 2011) Visitors & Residents

Residents Significant online presence & usage Collaborative activity online Contribute online Mobile device dependence >10 hours online/week

Visitors Functional use of technology Formal need Passive online presence Favor FtF interactions <6 hours online/week

Visitors & Residents (White & Connaway, )

Phase 1 Individual Interviews Emerging (secondary school/1 st year undergraduates 31 (16 US, 15 UK) Establishing (2nd-3rd year undergraduates) 10 (5 US, 5 UK) Embedding (postgraduates, PhD students) 10 (5 US, 5 UK) Experiencing (scholars) 10 (5 US, 5 UK) Completed data analysis Quantitative data: Demographics, number of occurrences of technologies, sources, & behaviours Qualitative data: Themes & direct quotes (White & Connaway, )

Phase I & 2: Participant Demographics 61 participants 15 secondary students 46 university students & faculty 34 females 27 males 38 Caucasian 5 African-American 2 Two or more 1 Asian 2 Hispanic 13 Unidentified (White & Connaway, )

Academic Disciplines by Educational Stages Connaway for OCLC Research

Triangulation of Data Several methods: Semi-structured interviews (qualitative) Diaries (qualitative) Online survey (quantitative) Enables triangulation of data (Connaway et al., 2012)

Diaries Ethnographic data collection technique Get people to describe what has happened Center on defined events or moments (Connaway & Powell, 2010)

Interviews Allows for Probing Clarifying Creating new questions Including focused questions Exploring new lines of inquiry Enables data collection for extended period of time (Connaway & Powell, 2010)

Participant Interview Questions 1. Describe the things you enjoy doing with technology and the web each week. 2. Think of the ways you have used technology and the web for your studies. Describe a typical week. 3. Think about the next stage of your education. Tell me what you think this will be like.

Participant Interview Questions 4. Think of a time when you had a situation where you needed answers or solutions and you did a quick search and made do with it. You knew there were other sources but you decided not to use them. Please include sources such as friends, family, teachers, coaches, etc. 5. Have there been times when you were told to use a library or virtual learning environment (or learning platform), and used other source(s) instead? 6. If you had a magic wand, what would your ideal way of getting information be? How would you go about using the systems and services? When? Where? How? (Connaway & Radford, ) (Dervin, Connaway, & Prabha, )

Surveys/Questionnaires Encourages frank answers Eliminates variation in the question process Can collect large amount of data in short period of time Delivery In-person Telephone Mail Online Point of contact (Connaway & Powell, 2010)

Codebook I.Place II.Sources III.Tools IV.Agency V.Situation/context VI.Quotes VII.Contact VIII.Technology Ownership IX.Network used (White & Connaway, )

Codebook I. Place A. Internet 1. Search engine a. Google b. Yahoo 2. Social Media a. FaceBook b. Twitter c. You Tube d. Flickr/image sharing e. Blogging B. Library 1. Academic 2. Public 3. School (K-12) C. Home D. School, classroom, computer lab E. Other (White & Connaway, )

Nvivo 9 Qualitative research software Upload documents, PDFs, & videos Create nodes & code transcripts Merge files Queries Reports Models (QSR International, 2011)

You have a last-minute project to complete. Where would you go to get information? GOOGLE ASK SOMEONE -Family -Colleague -Friend -Librarian -Professor FACEBOOK SOMEONE -Family -Colleague -Friend -Librarian -Professor TEXT SOMEONE -Family -Colleague -Friend -Librarian -Professor Connaway for OCLC Research

Place & Educational Stage Connaway for OCLC Research

“I always stick with the first thing that comes up on Google because I think that’s the most popular site which means that’s the most correct.” (USS1, Female, Age 17)

“Google doesn’t judge me” (UKF3, Male, Age 52)

Human Sources & Educational Stages Connaway for OCLC Research

The word “librarian” never mentioned in original interviews by Emerging Stage participants as a source of information One participant referred to “a lady in the library who helps you find things” (USU5, Male, Age 19)

Library=books 34 participants mention the library equating with books

Digital Sources & Educational Stage Connaway for OCLC Research

“I just type it into Google and see what comes up.” (UKS2) “It’s like a taboo I guess with all teachers, they just all say – you know, when they explain the paper they always say, “Don’t use Wikipedia.” (USU7, Female, Age 19) Learning Black Market

Contact & Educational Stages Connaway for OCLC Research

Recommendations Begin educating early Market 1/3 of users don’t know services available Provide a broad range of tools Simple interface Discovery & access Social networking sites Wikipedia Facebook Provide help at time of need Chat & IM Mobile technology (Dervin, Connaway & Prabha, ) (De Rosa, 2005) (Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2013)

Future Research Digital Visitors & Residents Online survey Continue with diaries & interviews Initial interviews with 12 new Emerging Stage participants Monthly diaries with 6 new Emerging Stage participants

References Connaway, L. S., Dickey, T. J., OCLC Research., & Joint Information Systems Committee. (2010). The digital information seeker: Report of the findings from selected OCLC, RIN, and JISC user behaviour projects. Bristol, England: HEFCE. Connaway, L. S., Lanclos, D., White, D. S., Le Cornu, A., & Hood, E. M. (2012). User-centered decision making: A new model for developing academic library services and systems. IFLA 2012 Conference Proceedings, August 11-17, Helsinki, Finland. Connaway, L. S., & Powell, R. R. (2010). Basic research methods for librarians. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited. Cool, C., & Spink, A. (2002). Issues of Context in Information Retrieval (IR): An Introduction to the Special Issue. Information Processing & Management, 38, 5, Dempsey, L. (2008). Always on: Libraries in a world of permanent connectivity. First Monday, 14(1). Retrieved from De Rosa, C. Perceptions of Libraries and Information Resources: A Report to the OCLC Membership. Dublin, OH: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, (p.1-8).

References Dervin, B., Connaway, L. S., & Prabha, C. ( ). Sense-making the information confluence: The hows and the whys of college and university user satisficing of information needs. Funded by the Institute for Museums and Library Services (IMLS). Retrieved from Geertz, Clifford The interpretation of cultures: selected essays. New York: Basic Books, 6. Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory; strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co., 273. Holton, D. (2010, March 19). The digital natives/digital immigrants distinction is dead or at least dying. [Web log comment]. EdTechDev. Retrieved from digital-natives-digital-immigrants-distinction-is-dead-or-at-least-dying/ digital-natives-digital-immigrants-distinction-is-dead-or-at-least-dying/ Kennedy, G., Judd, T. & Dalgarno, B. (2010). “Beyond natives and immigrants: Exploring types of net generation students,” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(5), 332–343. Kvale, S. (1996). IntervVews: an introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, McKenzie, J. (2007). Digital nativism, digital delusions, and digital deprivation. From Now On: The Educational Technology Journal, 17 (2). Retrieved from Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2013). Library services in the Digital Age. Retrieved from #CNFAE16

References #CNFAE16 Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5). Retrieved from Prensky, M. (2006). Listen to the natives. Educational Leadership, 63(4), Radford, M. L., & Connaway, L. S. ( ). Seeking synchronicity: Evaluating virtual reference services from user, non-user, and librarian perspectives. Funded by the Institute for Museums and Library Services (IMLS). Retrieved from Wasserman, S. (2012, June 18). The Amazon effect. The Nation. Retrieved from White, D. S., & Connaway, L. S. ( ). Visitors & residents: What motivates engagement with the digital information environment. Funded by JISC, OCLC, and Oxford University. Retrieved from White, D. S., & Le Cornu, A. (2011). Visitors and Residents: A new typology for online engagement. First Monday, 16(9). Retrieved from Whyte, W. F. (1979). “On Making the Most of Participant Observation,” The American Sociologist 14, Wilson, T. D. (1997). Information behaviour: an interdisciplinary perspective. Information Processing and Management, 33(4), Wilson, T. D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, 55(3),

Questions & Discussion Lynn Silipigni Connaway