نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني.

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Presentation transcript:

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني

Uses of Computer Networks  Business Applications  Home Applications

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Business Applications Resource Sharing Communication Medium E-commerce (Electronic Commerce)

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Business Applications of Networks A network with two clients and one server.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني The client-server model involves requests and replies.  Business Applications of Networks

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Home Network Applications Access to remote information Person-to-person communication Interactive entertainment Electronic commerce

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Business Applications of Networks In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Network Hardware  PANs (Personal Area Networks)  Local Area Network (LAN) & Wireless LANs  Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)  Wide Area Network (WAN)  Internetworks

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Network Hardware (Broadcast Networks) Types of transmission technology Broadcast links Point-to-point links Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Personal Area Networks PANs (Personal Area Networks) let devices communicate over the range of a person. A common example is a wireless network that connects a computer with its peripherals. Bluetooth PAN Configuration.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Local Area Networks (LAN) Two broadcast networks (a) Bus (b) Ring

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Wireless LANs Figure 1-8. Wireless and wired LANs. (a) (b) Switched Ethernet.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Wide Area Networks (WAN) WAN that connects three branch offices in Australia.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني  Internetworks The assumption so far is that a network is homogeneous: there is hardly any variation in hardware and software. In practice, large networks can only be constructed by interconnecting different kinds of networks internet(work).

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Network Software Protocol Hierarchies Design Issues for the Layers Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Service Primitives The Relationship of Services to Protocols

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Protocol Hierarchies Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Protocol Hierarchies(2) Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Design Issues for the Layers Addressing Error Control Flow Control Multiplexing Routing

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Six different types of service.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Service Primitives Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection- oriented service.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Service Primitives (2) Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a connection-oriented network.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Services to Protocols Relationship The relationship between a service and a protocol.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Reference Models The OSI Reference Model The TCP/IP Reference Model A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني The OSI Reference Model The OSI reference model.

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 1 Physical 2 Data Link 3 Network 1. Physical Layer 1.Convert the logical 1’s and 0’s coming from layer 2 into electrical signals. 2.Transmission of the electrical signals over a communication channel. Main topics: Transmission mediums Encoding Modulation RS232 and RS422 standards Repeaters Hubs (multi-port repeater) The OSI Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 1 Physical 2 Data Link 3 Network 2. Data Link Layer 1.Error control to compensate for the imperfections of the physical layer. 2.Flow control to keep a fast sender from swamping a slow receiver. Main topics: Framing methods Error detection and correction methods Flow control Frame format IEEE LAN standards Bridges Switches (multi-port bridges) The OSI Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 1 Physical 2 Data Link 3 Network 3. Network Layer a) Controls the operation of the subnet. b) Routing packets from source to destination. c) Logical addressing. Main topics: Internetworking Routing algorithms Internet Protocol (IP) addressing Routers The OSI Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 1 Physical 2 Data Link 3 Network 4. Transport Layer a) Provides additional Quality of Service. b) Heart of the OSI model. Main topics: Connection-oriented and connectionless services Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) The OSI Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 1 Physical 2 Data Link 3 Network 5. Session Layer a) Allows users on different machines to establish sessions between them. b) One of the services is managing dialogue control. c) Token management. d) Synchronization. The OSI Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 1 Physical 2 Data Link 3 Network 6. Presentation Layer a) Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information. b) Preserves the meaning of the information. c) Data compression. d) Data encryption. The OSI Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 1 Physical 2 Data Link 3 Network 7. Application Layer a) Provides protocols that are commonly needed. Main topics: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Network File System (NFS) Telnet The OSI Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني The TCP/IP Reference Model

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models Concepts central to the OSI model: Services Interfaces Protocols

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols Why OSI did not take over the world Bad timing Bad technology Bad implementations Bad politics

نظام المحاضرات الالكترونينظام المحاضرات الالكتروني A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model Problems: Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished Not a general model Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer No mention of physical and data link layers Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace