9.3 Complex Numbers; The Complex Plane; Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers are numbers in the form of where a and b are real numbers and i, the imaginary unit, is defined as follows: And the powers of i are as follows:

The value of i n, where n is any number can be found by dividing n by 4 and then dealing only with the remainder. Why? Examples: Then from the chart on the previous slide 1) 2) Then from the chart on the previous slide

In a complex number a is the real part and bi is the imaginary part. When b=0, the complex number is a real number. When a  0, and b  0, as in 5+8i, the complex number is an imaginary number. When a=0, and b  0, as in 5i, the complex number is a pure imaginary number.

Lesson Overview 9-5A

Lesson Overview 9-5B

5-Minute Check Lesson 9-6A

Real Axis Imaginary Axis O The Complex Plane

Let be a complex number. The magnitude or modulus of z, denoted byis defined As the distance from the origin to the point (x, y).

Real Axis Imaginary Axis Ox y |z|

is sometimes abbreviated as

4 -3 Real Axis Imaginary Axis z =-3 + 4i

z = i is in Quadrant II x = -3 and y = 4

4 -3 z =-3 + 4i Find the reference angle (  ) by solving

4 -3 z =-3 + 4i

Find r:

4 -3 Real Axis Imaginary Axis

Find the reference angle (  ) by solving

Find the cosine of 330  and substitute the value. Find the sine of 330  and substitute the value. Distribute the r

Write in standard (rectangular) form.

Lesson Overview 9-7A

Product Theorem

Lesson Overview 9-7B

Quotient Theorem

5-Minute Check Lesson 9-8A

5-Minute Check Lesson 9-8B

Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers

DeMoivre’s Theorem

What if you wanted to perform the operation below?

Lesson Overview 9-8A

Lesson Overview 9-8B

Theorem Finding Complex Roots roots

Find the complex fifth roots of The five complex roots are: for k = 0, 1, 2, 3,4.

The roots of a complex number a cyclical in nature. That is, when the points are plotted on a polar plane or a complex plane, the points are evenly spaced around the origin

Complex Plane

Polar plane

To find the principle root, use DeMoivre’s theorem using rational exponents. That is, to find the principle pth root of Raise it to the power

Example Find First express as a complex number in standard form. Then change to polar form You may assume it is the principle root you are seeking unless specifically stated otherwise.

Since we are looking for the cube root, use DeMoivre’s Theorem and raise it to the power

Example: Find the 4 th root of Change to polar form Apply DeMoivre’s Theorem