Homework #3 is due 11/19 Bonus #2 is posted No class W 11/21 Federal Spending on Cancer

Treating cancer: Avoid it –Avoid mutagens –DNA repair gets less efficient as we age Surgery –Must remove all cancer cells –Non-invasive Radiation –Directed at tumor –Mutagenic, side effects Chemotherapy –Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells –Mutagenic, many side effects

Chemotherapy a rapidly dividing cell Toxin XX

Some cancers over-express MDR Toxin MDR toxin I’m a cancer cell with over-expressing MDR. I laugh at your toxins.

Cells need the proximity of blood vessels to survive One of the latest chemotherapy treatments involves cutting off the blood supply to the tumor. (anti-angiogenesis)

Tumors must have sufficient blood flow to continue cell division induce blood vessel growth (angiogenesis)

Tumors Evolve: Only tumor cells near blood vessels or that can attract blood vessels survive.

Treating cancer: Avoid it –Avoid mutagens –DNA repair gets less efficient as we age Surgery –Must remove all cancer cells –Non-invasive Radiation –Directed at tumor –Mutagenic, side effects Chemotherapy –Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells –Mutagenic, many side effects

Detecting Cancer or Types of Cancer Fig

A Microarray is a chip with DNA sequences (genes) bound to the surface at known locations. It can be used to track or monitor expression of many genes.

Tracking changes in gene expression using a Microarray

Making cDNA from RNA

Tracking changes in gene expression using a Microarray

Use of microarray to estimate genes likely present in malignant cancers

Patients cancer free for 5+ years Patients cancer spread in 5 years Use of microarray to estimate genes likely present in malignant cancers similar to Fig different genes

Young (>55) Breast cancer patients More accurate profiling of tumors results in more accurate choices of treatments. Patients with benign tumors can avoid chemotherapy (adjuvant).

Treating cancer: Avoid it –Avoid mutagens –DNA repair gets less efficient as we age Surgery –Must remove all cancer cells –Non-invasive Radiation –Directed at tumor –Mutagenic, side effects Chemotherapy –Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells –Mutagenic, many side effects

For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on. {Mitosis: producing more cells} {Meiosis: producing gametes}

extremely low genetic diversity greater genetic diversity vs. Asexaul Reproduction Sexaul Reproduction

Gene for blue eye pigment Gene for brown hair pigment Gene for growth hormone Haploid chromosomes Gene for hemoglobin Gene for DNA polymerase similar to Fig 2.18

Gene for hemoglobin Gene for hair color Gene for growth hormone Allele for black hair Allele for black hair Allele for low express (short) Allele for high express (tall) Allele for normal Hb Allele for sickle cell Hb Diploid chromosomes similar to Fig 2.18

Each pair of chromosomes is comprised of a paternal and maternal chromosome

Fig 2.19 Meiosis splits apart the pairs of chromosomes. X 23 in humans

Homework #3 is due 11/19 Bonus #2 is posted No class W 11/21 Federal Spending on Cancer