February 2009 Perfluorochemicals & Fire Fighting Training Sites in Minnesota

What Are PFCs?  Perfluorinated chemicals, or PFCs, are a large class of man-made compounds. They are made by adding fluorine atoms to common organic chemicals.  PFCs were created to make non-reactive layers or coatings that repel water, stains, and oil and grease. For this reason they are sometimes referred to as “surfactants” or “surface active agents”  PFCs are used in a wide range of consumer products, industrial materials, and manufacturing applications, including: Paper, fabric, and cookware coatings (ex: Gor-Tex ©, Scotchguard© & Teflon©) Paper, fabric, and cookware coatings (ex: Gor-Tex ©, Scotchguard© & Teflon©) Photographic film coatings Photographic film coatings Semi-conductors Semi-conductors Aviation fuels Aviation fuels Some fire fighting foams Some fire fighting foams

Do not break down in the environment Do not break down in the environment C-F bond is one of the strongest knownC-F bond is one of the strongest known Do not adsorb readily to rock or soil particles Do not adsorb readily to rock or soil particles Infiltrate rapidly to the groundwaterInfiltrate rapidly to the groundwater Move nearly as fast as the groundwaterMove nearly as fast as the groundwater Travel long distancesTravel long distances Chemical structure similar to fatty acids Chemical structure similar to fatty acids Readily adsorbed into blood serum of living organismsReadily adsorbed into blood serum of living organisms May, in part, explain long half-lives in the bodyMay, in part, explain long half-lives in the body PFCs Behave in Unique Ways

 PFCs have been found in blood serum of people in blood serum of people and wildlife around the and wildlife around the world. world.  Environmental sampling has detected trace levels has detected trace levels of some PFCs in lakes and of some PFCs in lakes and rivers, shallow groundwater, rivers, shallow groundwater, and soils in Minnesota, the US, and and soils in Minnesota, the US, and other countries. other countries. These Unique Properties Have Resulted in Global PFC Distribution

 Small changes in the liver and thyroid in animals.  Delays in growth and maturation in rats and mice whose mothers were exposed.  Possible effects on hormone levels & liver enzymes in workers at manufacturing facilities. No clear link to a “disease.”  Health study of 70,000 people exposed to PFOA in drinking water in Ohio & West Virginia – results not yet available. Health Effects of PFOA & PFOS

Why Is MN Looking At Fire Fighting Foams?  The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) have been investigating a number of sources of PFCs in the environment.  Some types of Class B fire fighting foams, used to put out chemical and petroleum fires, contain PFCs.  Studies at large fire training sites (airports, military bases, etc.) have detected PFCs in the local environment (soil, water, groundwater, fish, etc.).  An MPCA survey of Minnesota fire departments and fire training academies found some are using foams that contain a small amount of PFCs. Repeated use over time at the same location may have resulted in accumulation of PFCs.

 PFOA HRL (proposed) = 0.3 ppb, half-life: ~4 yrs. HRL (proposed) = 0.3 ppb, half-life: ~4 yrs.  PFOS HRL = 0.3 ppb; half-life: ~5 yrs. HRL = 0.3 ppb; half-life: ~5 yrs.  PFHxS No HRL or HBV, half-life: 9 years No HRL or HBV, half-life: 9 years  PFBS No HRL or HBV, likely has a short half-life No HRL or HBV, likely has a short half-life  6:2 FtS Fluorotelomer sulfonate Fluorotelomer sulfonate No HRL or HBV No HRL or HBV PFCs Associated With Aqueous Film Forming Foams (AFFF)

Use of Class B Foams in MN  227 fire departments use Class B foams (43%) 106 train with Class B foams 106 train with Class B foams  All major airports use or used Class B foams  3 Community Colleges use or used Class B foams Lake Superior (Duluth) Lake Superior (Duluth) South Central (N. Mankato) South Central (N. Mankato) Northland (E. Grand Forks) Northland (E. Grand Forks)  Refineries Marathon (St. Paul Pk.) and Flint Hills (Pine Bend) Marathon (St. Paul Pk.) and Flint Hills (Pine Bend) Wrenshall – no information available Wrenshall – no information available

MDH Evaluation of the Survey Results  MDH staff ranked the training sites where Class B foams are reportedly used, based on: How close the training area is to drinking water wells How close the training area is to drinking water wells What direction the groundwater is moving What direction the groundwater is moving The depth to ground water The depth to ground water The depth of the wells The depth of the wells How well the geology of the area protects the groundwater How well the geology of the area protects the groundwater How often fire training occurs How often fire training occurs How much foam is used at each training event How much foam is used at each training event How the foam is disposed of after each event How the foam is disposed of after each event  MDH identified: 14 highest priority sites 14 highest priority sites 6 high prioirty sites 6 high prioirty sites 21 mediume priority sites 21 mediume priority sites 24 low priority sites. 24 low priority sites.  The location of these sites are shown on the following two slides

MDH & MPCA Sampling Plans  MDH will begin sampling the “highest priority” city wells in March 2009 Non-community public wells (such as schools, daycares, churches, businesses, etc.) will be sampled this spring. Non-community public wells (such as schools, daycares, churches, businesses, etc.) will be sampled this spring.  MPCA will begin environmental investigations at 20 high priority sites beginning in March All of MDH’s highest priority sites are on the MPCA list, plus several others where public wells are not at risk All of MDH’s highest priority sites are on the MPCA list, plus several others where public wells are not at risk MPCA will also identify and sample private wells if groundwater contamination is detected at any sites. MPCA will also identify and sample private wells if groundwater contamination is detected at any sites.  All sample results will be reported to the affected cities and well owners.  MDH and MPCA will work with city officials to keep residents informed.