Lecture 11 IR Theory Next Class: Lecture Problem 4 due Thin-Layer Chromatography This Week In Lab: Ch 6: Procedures 2 & 3 Procedure 4 (outside of lab) Next Week in Lab: Ch 7: PreLab Due Quiz 4 Ch 5 Final Report Due

Spectroscopy 1 H NMR: Determine bond connectivities/pieces of a structure, whole structure IR Use: Determine the functional groups present in a structure: -OH, C=O, C-O, NH 2, C=C, C  C, C=N, C  N NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy): Uses radio waves (electromagnetic radiation) Interacts with sample’s nuclei in the presence of a magnet Effect: nuclei flip and relax (known as resonance) IR (Infrared Spectroscopy) IR radiation Interacts with molecule as a whole Effect: bond vibrations within molecule

An IR Spectrum of Hexanol

IR Spectroscopy Main Use: To detect the presence or absence of a functional group (specific bonds) in a molecule How It Works: 1. Bonds vibrate freely at specific wavelengths (wavenumbers) 2. Want to cause the bonds to increase the magnitude of this vibrational frequency 3. Subject compound to IR radiation, cm -1 cm -1 is the unit for wavenumber ( ) (The numbers of waves within 1 cm) is directly proportional to energy (unlike wavelength) 4. Bonds absorb energy equal to their natural vibrational energy - it is quantized. This absorption of energy causes a change in dipole moment for the bond. 5. Upon absorption, bonds stretch and/or bend; the IR measures this absorption.

Vibrational Modes of Bonds

Correlation Chart Specific bonds absorb specific IR radiation and signals will appear within certain wavenumber ranges (similar to NMR). Your lab notebook also has an IR correlation chart.

Correlation Chart Specific bonds absorb specific IR radiation and signals will appear within certain wavenumber ranges (similar to NMR).

IR spectrum of hexanoic acid

Different bond stretches & what their signals look like in IR: A: O-H stretch (strong, broad) C: C-H stretch (strong, sharp) E: C  C or C  N stretch (sharp) F: C=O stretch (strong, medium to sharp) G: C=C stretch (sharp) J: C-O stretch (strong, medium) K: C-X stretch (sharp)

Lab Guide Problem 16.1 A sample is known to have the molecular formula C 4 H 10 O and to be one of two constitutional isomers, either t-butyl alcohol or isopropyl methyl ether. What is the structure of the unknown?

Lab Guide Problem 16.2(a) Indicate how the following pairs of compounds could be distinguished using characteristic IR peaks: (a) Benzaldehyde (C 6 H 5 O) and benzoic acid (C 6 H 5 COOH) 1. Consider each structure: 2. Determine the main differences that would be seen in IR.

Lab Guide Problem An unknown oxygen-containing compound is suspected of being an alcohol, a ketone, or a carboxylic acid. Its IR spectrum shows a broad strong peak at cm -1 and a strong, sharp peak at 1700 cm -1. What kind of compound is it? Consider what type of bonds appear in the ranges given. Refer to correlation chart. Broad peak at cm -1  Strong, sharp peak at 1700 cm -1 

Lab Guide Problem A compound with molecular formula C 4 H 8 O shows no absorption in the IR region near 1700 cm -1 or 3400 cm -1. What can you deduce about its structure? Propose one possible structure. What can you deduce about its structure? Propose one possible structure. 1. Calculate HDI. 2. Give possible structure(s):