WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LEFT AND A RIGHT HABD? RH IS BIGGER THAN LH ???

His right hand IS much bigger!

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LEFT AND A RIGHT HAND? RH IS BIGGER THAN LH ???. THUMBS ON OPPOSITE EDGES ? LH AND RH ARE MIRROR REFLECTNS!! OR PALMS ON OPPOSITE SIDES ?

WHY DOES A MIRROR REVERSE LEFT AND RIGHT BUT NOT UP AND DOWN? A CONFUSING QUESTION !!! SURELY IT REVERSES FRONT AND BACK ? BUT IT DOES SEEM TO CHANGE RH TO LH!

CLOSE TO THE HEART OF THE PROBLEM: How would you communicate left and right over the phone?

IT’S A RIGHT-HANDER’S WORLD LATIN: DEXTRA = RIGHT (cf “DEXTROUS”) SINISTRA = LEFT (cf “SINISTER”) SPIRAL STAIRCASE BUILT FOR DEFENDER WIELDING SWORD IN RIGHT HAND IN THE POPULATION AT LARGE: APPROX. 90% RIGHT-HANDED APPROX. 10% LEFT- HANDED

Mirror Twins

MORE ABSTRACTLY RIGHT HANDED COORDINATE SYSTEM LEFT HANDED COORDINATE SYSTEM y z x x z y

x y z Right Left MORE ABSTRACTLY RIGHT HANDED COORDINATE SYSTEM LEFT HANDED COORDINATE SYSTEM y z x x z y

A molecule that, like your hands, cannot be made to look like its mirror-image by rotating it or displacing it, is called chiral. This group of atoms is IN FRONT here, but goes BEHIND in the rotating reflection

OPTICAL ACTIVITY OPTICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ROTATE THE PLANE OF POLARISATION OF POLARISED LIGHT

Double Refraction (in a Calcite Crystal)

Louis Pasteur Pateur felt that handedness could only be distinguished/separated by living things.

The DNA structure is a double helix looking something like a twisted ladder. The two cross-linked helices are always right-handed, twisting in the same direction as a normal screw. Names for clockwise and anticlockwise helices: Away from your eye

“Perhaps looking glass milk isn’t good to drink” - Lewis Carroll, Alice through the looking glass ALICE WAS RIGHT !!!

Fleming’s Left Hand Motor Rule: IS THE PROBLEM SOLVED ? NOW FOR SOME A/S PHYSICS

We DO know the direction of the curremt + - The positive terminal is connected to the central carbon rod The negative terminal is connected to the zinc casing Conventional Current flows from positive to negative (opposite to electron flow)

But do we REALLY know the Magnetic Field Direction? But you can’t be sure it is the same on another planet? Even the Earth’s field reverses sometimes Yes, here on Earth the North Pole of a magnet points North! Problem Solved !?

We could set up our magnetic field using a current? Current Magnetic field RIGHT HAND GRIP RULE: But applying a right hand rule followed by a left hand rule is equivalent to no handed rule at all. i.e. The wrong hand used for the grip rule followed by the wrong hand used for the motor rule produces the same predicted motion

FLEMINGS LEFT-HAND RULE MERELY SWAPS THE LEFT/RIGHT PROBLEM FOR A NORTH/SOUTH PROBLEM WITH MAGNETS ! DEFINING LEFT AND RIGHT ABSOLUTELY WITH ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FORCES IS IMPOSSIBLE !!

ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INTERACTION A FEYNMAN DIAGRAM

FLEMINGS LEFT-HAND RULE MERELY SWAPS THE LEFT/RIGHT PROBLEM FOR A NORTH/SOUTH PROBLEM WITH MAGNETS ! DEFINING LEFT AND RIGHT ASOLUTELY WITH ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FORCES IS IMPOSSIBLE !! BUT IN 1956 THERE WAS THE SHOCKING DISCOVERY OF `PARITY VIOLATION’ BY THE `WEAK FORCE’ IN NUCLEAR BETA DECAY: MOST PHYSICISTS ASSUMED THAT AN ABSOLUTE DEFINITION OF LEFT AND RIGHT WAS COMPLETELY IMPOSSIBLE !!

Beta Decay neutron

Beta Decay proton anti-neutrino electron

Feynman diagram for Beta Decay

N S NEUTRONS AND PROTONS IN NUCLEUS NET ROTATION = “CURRENT” NUCLEUS BEHAVES LIKE SMALL BAR MAGNET

Madame Wu Electrons Anti-neutrinos Magnetic field DISCOVERED “PARITY VIOLATION”

Cobalt-60 experiment solves the L/R problem! electrons (e - ) anti-neutrinos Magneti c field Original Experiment anti-neutrinos electrons (e) Magnetic field Mirror Experiment

Neutrinos and Anti-neutrinos The weak interaction is a fundamental source of Left-Right asymmetry in nature

Proving a neutrino is left-handed (Goldhaber’s Experiment) An Eu atom takes in an electron which reacts with a proton to form a neutron. Both a neutrino and a gamma ray are released. The “handed-ness” of the gamma ray and the neutrino are the same due to angular momentum because they are emitted in opposite directions. The photon in the gamma ray emitted was shown to be left-handed (using an optical device such as an Iceland spar), proving that the neutrino is also left-handed. Iceland Spar (double refraction) +

Co-60 expt. doesn’t solve matter vs. anti-matter! electrons (e - ) anti-neutrinos Magneti c field Original Experiment positrons (e+) neutrinos Magnetic field Anti-Mirror Experiment

WHAT IF HE PUTS OUT HIS LEFT HAND ?

₪ Left & right hands are mirror reflections ₪ Mirrors invert front and back ₪ Left/right can not easily be communicated ₪ Left and right gives an appearance of symmetry but the universe isn’t symmetric ₪ The Cobalt-60 experiment can distinguish left and right (and north and south poles) ₪ Neutrinos are left handed and anti- neutrinos are right handed ₪ Aliens made of antimatter will get left and right wrong – so don’t get too close!!!!. Summary z y x