MORPHOLOGY 2 NOV 6, 2015 – DAY 30 Brain & Language LING NSCI Fall 2015

Course organization Schedule: topics topics Today's chapter: Fun with Quiz before Thanksgiving will be in class & on Blackboard. 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 2

Grades Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6 MIN AVG MAX 10 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 3

THE LEXICAL INTERFACE 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 4

The lexical interface 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 5

Hypotheses 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 6 STS phonological net p(MTG+ITS) lexical interface a(MTG+ITS) combinatorial net 1 aIFG combinatorial net 2 STS phonological net action words, tools motor + somato cortex a(MTG+ITS) combinatorial net 1 ??? aIFG combinatorial net 2 ??? imageable words medial temporal gyrus imageable words medial temporal gyrus Hickok & Poeppel, symbolic? Pulvermüller, sensorimotor or embodied

Summary of lateralization of phonology LH fine grained, small window of temporal integration high temporal frequency: rapid cues, like stops high spectral frequency: formants categorical distinctions: lexical, phrasal, clausal stress; lexical tone in Thai/Chinese RH coarse grained, large window of temporal integration low temporal frequency: slow cues, like vowels low spectral frequency: fundamental graded/coordinate distinctions: emotional intonation, sentence type? 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 7

Summary of lateralization of word semantics LH fine grained, small window of temporal integration RH coarse grained, large window of temporal integration a. Slowly selects multiple meanings (divergent processing) that are weakly associated. b. Primes words that share few semantic features > loosely associated words. c. Primes the less frequent meaning of an ambiguous word. d. Primes category, but not others. e. Priming stays same with more words. f. Priming is same for unstructured sentences. g. Priming is same for incongruent sentences. 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8 a. Quickly selects most familiar or dominant meaning (convergent processing) while suppressing other less closely related meanings. b. Primes words that share many semantic features > closely associated words. c. Primes the most frequent meaning of an ambiguous word. d. Primes function, collectives, goal- oriented classes. e. Priming is faster with more words. f. Priming is slower for unstructured sentences. g. Priming is slower for incongruent sentences.

A conversion to resolution Left hemisphere, fine coding: 9 neurons index 9 regions of space Right hemisphere, coarse coding: 4 neurons index 12+ regions of space 11/06/13Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 9

Associations for “pig” in LH/RH terms 11/06/13Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 10

What causes the priming effect? Table 9.4 Conditionsprime ~ probePriming effect 1.[–sem, +morph]casualty ~ casualno 2.[+sem, +morph]punishment ~ punishyes 3.[–sem, +morph]successful ~ successorno 4.[+sem, +morph]confession ~ confessorno 5.[–sem, +morph]restrain ~ strainno 6.[+sem, +morph]insincere ~ sincereyes 7.[–sem, +morph]depress ~ expressno 8.[+sem, +morph]unfasten ~ refastenyes 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 11

MORPHOLOGY 2 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 12

Dual-route model 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 13 phonological input /di.pa ɹ.t ɪ d//w ɪ nt/ meaning verb + past tense morphological analysis /di.pa ɹ.t + ɪ d/ compositional route lexical route

Gow (2012) - Dual lexicons 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 14

MTG appears to be activated by both regular and irregular morphological processes In English past tense generation and comprehension tasks both regular and irregular forms have been shown to produce a BOLD response in bilateral pMTG, with most studies showing greater activation in this region by irregular forms than by regular ones. Gender in Italian nouns = increased pMTG activation What gender is a bridge? How about a ship? il ponte (masc sg) la nave (fem sg) The German plural = increased pMTG activation Bikini > Bikinis Mund > Münder 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 15

Numerous studies have shown a dissociation between impairments in regular and irregular morphology Aphasia tends to show that frontal lobe damage, particularly damage to the lateral IFG, is associated with deficits in the processing of regular morphology with preserved processing of irregular forms. Patients with posterior damage, primarily including the left posterior temporal lobe, may show the opposite pattern, providing a double dissociation. For regular inflection, processing seems to require interactions between the pMTG and LIFG. 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 16

ULLMAN ON TWO TYPES OF MEMORY 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 17

LING411, NSCI411/611Harry Howard 18 Taxonomy of memory

LING411, NSCI411/611Harry Howard 19 Declarative memory comprises the learning, representation, and use of knowledge about facts (semantic knowledge) and events (episodic knowledge) learns relations which are arbitrary learns gradually, during multiple presentations of a stimulus and response is accessible to other mental systems (not ‘informationally encapsulated’) at least part of it can be recollected consciously (explicit memory)

LING411, NSCI411/611Harry Howard 20 Procedural memory comprises the learning, representation and use of sensorimotor and cognitive “habits”, “skills”, and other procedures, such as riding a bicycle and skilled game playing learns inflexible (rule-like) relations in the context of real- time sequences, whether the sequences are serial or abstract, or sensorimotor or cognitive learns rapidly, even from a single stimulus presentation is not influenced by other mental systems (informationally encapsulated) applies quickly and automatically, in that a response is triggered by its stimulus rather than being under conscious control (implicit memory)

LING411, NSCI411/611Harry Howard 21 Summary Procedural memory is memory for habits & skills learns rule-like relations in a context learns quickly, from a single presentation is not available to other mental modules (is informationally encapsulated) is mostly unconscious (implicit) Declarative memory is memory for facts & events learns arbitrary relations learns slowly, from many presentations is available to other mental modules (not informationally encapsulated) is mostly conscious (explicit)

LING411, NSCI411/611Harry Howard 22 The declarative/procedural model of language The declarative memory system subserves the lexicon The procedural memory system subserves grammar

LING411, NSCI411/611Harry Howard 23 Declarative memory & the lexicon Stores all arbitrary, idiosyncratic word-specific knowledge, including word meanings, word sounds, and abstract representations such as word category includes representations of simple (non-derivable) words such as cat, bound morphemes such as -ed, irregular morphological forms, verb complements, and idioms also contains complex forms and abstract structures that are “regular”

Declarative memory & the lexicon Supports a superpositional associative memory, which allows for generalizations across representations. For example, the memorization of phonologically similar stem-irregular past tense pairs (e.g. spring – sprang, sing – sang) may allow for memory-based generalization to new irregularizations, either from real words (bring – brang) or from novel ones (spling – splang). This ability to generalize could underlie some degree of productivity within the memory system 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 24

LING411, NSCI411/611Harry Howard 25 Procedural memory & grammar Underlies the learning of new, and the computation of already-learned, rule-based procedures that govern the regularities of language Particularly those procedures related to combining items into complex structures that have precedence (sequential) and hierarchical relations

Procedural memory & grammar. cont. Builds rule-governed structure, i.e. the sequential and hierarchical combination – “merging” or concatenation – of forms and representations into complex structures: syntax (word order) inflectional and derivational morphology – at least for default “regulars” but also for irregulars that appear to be affixed phonology (the combination of sounds) compositional semantics (the meaning of the composition of words into complex structures) 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 26

Final project Improve a Wikipedia article about any of the topics mentioned in class or any other topic broadly related to neurolinguistics. Write a short essay explaining what you did and why you did it. Print the article before you improve it, highlighting any subtractions. Print the article after you improve it, highlighting your additions. 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 27

NEXT TIME Morphology/syntax 11/04/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 28